Table 6 Factors associated with maintenance of the safe water chain
Characteristic (categories) | Safe water chain maintenance | Crude PR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted PR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | |||||
Socio-economic factors | ||||||
 Gender | ||||||
  Male | 20 (21.1) | 75 (78.9) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  Female | 108 (36.0) | 192 (64.0) | 1.71 (1.13–2.56) | 0.012* | 1.82 (1.19–2.78) | 0.005* |
 Age (years) | ||||||
  14–29 | 90 (36.0) | 160 (64.0) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  30–45 | 27 (26.0) | 77 (74.0) | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.079 | 0.84 (0.59–1.22) | 0.377 |
  > 45 | 11 (26.8) | 30 (73.2) | 0.75 (0.44–1.27) | 0.279 | 1.06 (0.62–1.81) | 0.842 |
 Education level | ||||||
  None/primary | 27 (22.1) | 95 (77.9) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  Post-primary | 101 (37.0) | 172 (63.0) | 1.67 (1.16–2.41) | 0.006* | 1.48 (1.02–2.17) | 0.041* |
 Marital status | ||||||
  Single | 51 (34.5) | 97 (65.5) | 1 |  |  |  |
  Married | 68 (32.9) | 139 (67.2) | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | 0.751 |  |  |
  Widowed/divorced/separated | 9 (22.5) | 31 (77.5) | 0.65 (0.35–1.21) | 0.176 |  |  |
 Occupation | ||||||
  Business | 40 (26.3) | 112 (73.7) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  Unemployed | 33 (32.0) | 70 (68.0) | 1.21 (0.83–1.79) | 0.320 | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) | 0.528 |
  Salaried work | 20 (40.8) | 29 (59.2) | 1.55 (1.01–2.38) | 0.045* | 1.41 (0.94–2.12) | 0.098 |
  Student | 21 (46.7) | 24 (53.3) | 1.77 (1.18–2.67) | 0.006* | 1.58 (1.03–2.41) | 0.034* |
  Farming | 14 (30.4) | 32 (69.6) | 1.16 (0.69–1.93) | 0.578 | 1.22 (0.73–2.05) | 0.453 |
 Number of people in the household | ||||||
  1–3 | 52 (29.9) | 122 (70.1) | 1 |  |  |  |
  4–6 | 54 (33.3) | 108 (66.7) | 1.12 (0.81–1.52) | 0.497 |  |  |
  ≥ 7 | 22 (37.3) | 37 (62.7) | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) | 0.281 |  |  |
Water source-related and individual factors | ||||||
 Main water source used by household | ||||||
  Piped water | 99 (32.7) | 204 (67.3) | 1 |  |  |  |
  Springs | 29 (31.5) | 63 (68.5) | 0.96 (0.69–1.36) | 0.837 |  |  |
 Water from communally owned source | ||||||
  No | 102 (34.5) | 194 (65.5) | 1 |  |  |  |
  Yes | 26 (26.3) | 73 (73.7) | 0.76 (0.53–1.10) | 0.146 |  |  |
 Estimated distance to water source (meters) | ||||||
  ≤ 20 (within the compound) | 94 (33.8) | 184 (66.2) | 1 |  |  |  |
  21–100 | 23 (27.1) | 62 (72.9) | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | 0.258 |  |  |
  101–500 | 11 (34.4) | 21 (65.6) | 1.02 (0.61–1.68) | 0.949 |  |  |
 Water consumption per person per day (liters) | ||||||
  ≤ 40 | 72 (29.6) | 171 (70.4) | 1 |  |  |  |
  > 40 | 56 (36.8) | 96 (63.2) | 1.24 (0.94–1.65) | 0.134 |  |  |
 Paid for water collection/fetching | ||||||
  No | 41 (38.3) | 66 (61.7) | 1 |  |  |  |
  Yes | 87 (30.2) | 201 (69.3) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 0.118 |  |  |
 Perception of where most contamination occurred | ||||||
  At the source | 58 (29.3) | 140 (70.7) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
  During storage (jerry can/container) | 53 (45.3) | 64 (54.7) | 1.55 (1.15–2.08) | 0.004* | 1.47 (1.10–1.97) | 0.009* |
  At point of use | 10 (20.4) | 39 (79.6) | 0.70 (0.38–1.26) | 0.233 | 0.69 (0.39–1.22) | 0.197 |
  Did not know | 7 (22.6) | 24 (77.4) | 0.77 (0.39–1.53) | 0.458 | 0.79 (0.41–1.52) | 0.475 |