Table 3 Socioeconomic/lifestyle factors and multivariable adjusted odds ratios^¶ of depressive tendencies (Kessler 6 ≥ 9) in Japanese men and women aged 20 years and older. NIPPON DATA2010 baseline survey (n = 2681)

 Men

Reference

 Women

1.74* (1.17–2.60)

 Married

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Single living with family

1.19 (0.77–1.83)

1.41 (0.61–3.25)

1.02 (0.60–1.71)

 Single living alone

1.65* (1.03–2.65)

3.27* (1.56–6.88)

1.08 (0.57–2.07)

 Working

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Not working aged < 60 years

1.15 (0.73–1.80)

3.57* (1.31–9.72)

0.85 (0.51–1.42)

 Not working aged ≥ 60 years

0.52* (0.33–0.82)

0.90 (0.44–1.88)

0.39* (0.22–0.68)

 Q1

1.25 (0.80–1.95)

0.97 (0.47–1.98)

1.50 (0.84–2.68)

 Q2

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Q3

1.30 (0.84–2.00)

1.06 (0.52–2.16)

1.51 (0.86–2.66)

 Q4

1.27 (0.81–1.99)

0.63 (0.29–1.39)

1.77* (1.00–3.13)

 No answer

1.52 (0.77–3.00)

2.09 (0.74–5.90)

1.22 (0.47–3.17)

 National

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Employee’s

0.79 (0.55–1.13)

1.12 (0.60–2.09)

0.68 (0.43–1.07)

 Other/no answer

2.54* (1.10–5.83)

1.16 (0.23–5.83)

3.68* (1.34–10.1)

 Non-drinker

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Ex-drinker

0.59 (0.14–2.52)

0.95 (0.20–4.41)

NA

 < 2 gou^§/day

0.82 (0.59–1.15)

0.71 (0.40–1.28)

 ≥ 2 gou/day

1.11 (0.58–2.11)

1.09 (0.49–2.47)

 Non-smoker

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Ex-smoker

1.00 (0.62–1.63)

0.62 (0.32–1.20)

1.42 (0.67–2.99)

 Current smoker

1.89* (1.24–2.90)

1.07 (0.58–1.97)

2.96* (1.68–5.22)

 No

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Yes

2.15* (1.28–3.64)

2.10* (1.01–4.35)

1.82 (0.82–4.08)