Table 3 Association of lifestyle/psychosocial factors at age 64 years with reduced competence in daily living at age 70 years (females)
Decline in competence in daily living† | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ (n = 80) | − (n = 1123) | OR (95% CI) | P for trend | OR (95% CI) | P for trend | |
Mental condition | ||||||
Depressive mood‡ | 35 (43.8) | 224 (18.3) | 3.12 (1.96–4.97) | 1.86 (1.09–3.18) | ||
Mental strain | ||||||
Seldom | 24 (30.0) | 399 (32.6) | 1 | 0.033 | 1 | 0.628 |
Sometimes | 43 (53.8) | 644 (52.7) | 1.11 (0.66–1.86) | 0.85 (0.49–1.49) | ||
Always | 13 (16.3) | 80 (6.5) | 2.70 (1.32–5.53) | 1.43 (0.63–3.24) | ||
Life satisfaction§ | ||||||
Low (≤ 4) | 44 (55.0) | 397 (32.5) | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.054 |
Medium (5–6) | 28 (35.0) | 397 (32.5) | 0.64 (0.39–1.04) | 0.98 (0.56–1.72) | ||
High (≥ 7) | 8 (10.0) | 329 (26.9) | 0.22 (0.10–0.47) | 0.39 (0.16–0.91) | ||
Nighttime awakening | ||||||
Seldom | 12 (15.0) | 237 (19.4) | 1 | 0.044 | 1 | 0.314 |
Once | 33 (41.3) | 516 (42.2) | 1.26 (0.64–2.49) | 1.35 (0.67–2.71) | ||
≥ 2 times | 35 (43.8) | 370 (30.3) | 1.87 (0.95–3.67) | 1.46 (0.72–2.96) | ||
Daily habit | ||||||
Smoking | ||||||
Never | 75 (93.8) | 1031 (84.3) | 1 | 0.602 | ||
Past | 3 (3.8) | 59 (4.8) | 0.70 (0.21–2.28) | |||
Current | 2 (2.5) | 33 (2.7) | 0.83 (0.20–3.54) | |||
Daily ethanol intake¶ | ||||||
Seldom | 69 (86.3) | 885 (72.4) | 1 | 0.092 | ||
< 23 g | 11 (13.8) | 226 (18.5) | 0.62 (0.32–1.20) | |||
≥ 23 g | 0 (0.0) | 12 (1.0) | 1 | |||
Regular exercise | ||||||
Seldom | 44 (55.0) | 439 (35.9) | 1 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.093 |
< 1/week | 9 (11.3) | 89 (7.3) | 1.01 (0.48–2.14) | 1.30 (0.59–2.86) | ||
≥ 1/week | 27 (33.8) | 595 (48.7) | 0.45 (0.28–0.74) | 0.63 (0.38–1.07) | ||
Daily walking time | ||||||
< 30 min | 8 (10.0) | 88 (7.2) | 1 | 0.147 | ||
30 min to 1 h | 25 (31.3) | 280 (22.9) | 0.98 (0.43–2.26) | |||
≥ 1 h | 47 (58.8) | 755 (61.7) | 0.68 (0.31–1.50) | |||
Gait speed | ||||||
Slowly | 16 (20.0) | 139 (11.4) | 1 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.196 |
Medium | 60 (75.0) | 824 (67.4) | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | 0.92 (0.50–1.71) | ||
Faster | 4 (5.0) | 160 (13.1) | 0.22 (0.07–0.66) | 0.41 (0.13–1.30) | ||
Daily sleeping hours | ||||||
< 6 h | 16 (20.0) | 138 (11.3) | 1.90 (1.05–3.45) | 0.409 | 1.58 (0.84–2.98) | 0.753 |
6–8 h | 48 (60.0) | 788 (64.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
≥ 8 h | 16 (20.0) | 197 (16.1) | 1.33 (0.74–2.40) | 1.37 (0.74–2.55) | ||
Social activities | ||||||
Current worker | 19 (23.8) | 290 (23.7) | 0.89 (0.53–1.52) | |||
Participation in community activities | 55 (68.8) | 966 (79.0) | 0.36 (0.22–0.59) | 0.50 (0.29–0.86) | ||
Environment | ||||||
Final educational status | ||||||
Junior high school | 38 (47.5) | 346 (28.3) | 1 | 0.029 | 1 | 0.63 |
Senior high school | 29 (36.3) | 588 (48.1) | 0.45 (0.27–0.74) | 0.64 (0.38–1.09) | ||
Junior college or higher | 13 (16.3) | 189 (15.5) | 0.63 (0.33–1.20) | 1.04 (0.52–2.10) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Never, widowed, or divorced | 14 (17.5) | 182 (14.9) | 1 | |||
Presently married | 66 (82.5) | 941 (76.9) | 0.91 (0.50–1.66) | |||
Number of family members living together | ||||||
0 | 5 (6.3) | 69 (5.6) | 1.02 (0.39–2.67) | 0.979 | ||
1 | 43 (53.8) | 608 (49.7) | 1 | |||
≥ 2 | 32 (40.0) | 466 (38.1) | 0.89 (0.63–1.63) | |||