Table 2 Association of lifestyle/psychosocial factors at age 64 years with reduced competence in daily living at age 70 years (males)
Decline in competence in daily living† | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ (n = 110) | − (n = 1003) | OR (95% CI) | P for trend | OR (95% CI) | P for trend | |
Mental condition | ||||||
Depressive mood‡ | 26 (23.6) | 146 (14.6) | 1.82 (1.13–2.92) | 1.14 (0.83–1.96) | ||
Mental strain | ||||||
Seldom | 64 (58.2) | 552 (55.0) | 1 | 0.962 | ||
Sometimes | 39 (35.5) | 416 (41.5) | 0.81 (0.53–1.23) | |||
Always | 7 (6.4) | 35 (3.5) | 1.73 (0.74–4.04) | |||
Life satisfaction§ | ||||||
Low (≤ 4) | 54 (49.1) | 338 (33.7) | 1 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.239 |
Medium (5–6) | 35 (31.8) | 390 (38.9) | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | ||
High (≥ 7) | 21 (19.1) | 275 (27.4) | 0.48 (0.28–0.81) | 0.73 (0.40–1.32) | ||
Nighttime awakening | ||||||
Seldom | 18 (16.4) | 232 (23.1) | 1 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.005 |
Once | 37 (33.6) | 426 (42.5) | 1.12 (0.62–2.01) | 1.22 (0.66–2.24) | ||
≥ 2 times | 55 (50.0) | 345 (34.4) | 2.05 (1.18–3.59) | 2.14 (1.19–3.86) | ||
Daily habit | ||||||
Smoking | ||||||
Never | 24 (21.8) | 200 (19.9) | 1 | 0.179 | ||
Past | 41 (37.3) | 507 (50.5) | 0.67 (0.40–1.14) | |||
Current | 45 (40.9) | 296 (29.5) | 1.27 (0.75–2.15) | |||
Daily ethanol intake¶ | ||||||
Seldom | 42 (38.2) | 299 (29.8) | 1 | 0.231 | 1 | 0.328 |
≤ 23 g | 42 (38.2) | 462 (46.1) | 0.64 (0.41–1.02) | 0.75 (0.46–1.22) | ||
> 23 g | 26 (23.6) | 242 (24.1) | 0.76 (0.46–1.28) | 0.78 (0.45–1.35) | ||
Regular exercise | ||||||
Seldom | 53 (48.2) | 347 (34.6) | 1 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.122 |
< 1/week | 9 (8.2) | 99 (9.9) | 0.60 (0.28–1.25) | 0.85 (0.39–1.83) | ||
≥ 1/week | 48 (43.6) | 557 (55.5) | 0.56 (0.37–0.85) | 0.70 (0.45–1.10) | ||
Daily walking time | ||||||
< 30 min | 19 (17.3) | 163 (16.3) | 1 | 0.756 | ||
30 min to 1 h | 39 (35.5) | 353 (35.2) | 0.95 (0.53–1.69) | |||
≥ 1 h | 52 (47.3) | 487 (48.6) | 0.92 (0.53–1.59) | |||
Gait speed | ||||||
Slowly | 21 (19.1) | 76 (7.6) | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 |
Medium | 83 (75.5) | 790 (78.8) | 0.38 (0.22–0.65) | 0.37 (0.21–0.67) | ||
Faster | 6 (5.5) | 137 (13.7) | 0.16 (0.06–0.41) | 0.21 (0.08–0.58) | ||
Daily sleeping hours | ||||||
< 6 h | 11 (10.0) | 58 (5.8) | 1.77 (0.89–3.54) | 0.216 | ||
6–8 h | 69 (62.7) | 645 (64.3) | 1 | |||
≥ 8 h | 30 (27.3) | 300 (29.9) | 0.93 (0.60–1.47) | |||
Social activities | ||||||
Current worker | 64 (58.2) | 589 (58.7) | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | |||
Participation in community activities | 88 (80.0) | 816 (81.4) | 0.92 (0.56–1.50) | |||
Environment | ||||||
Final educational status | ||||||
Junior high school | 52 (47.3) | 230 (22.9) | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 |
Senior high school | 29 (26.4) | 425 (42.4) | 0.30 (0.19–0.49) | 0.32 (0.19–0.53) | ||
Junior college or higher | 29 (26.4) | 348 (34.7) | 0.37 (0.23–0.60) | 0.43 (0.25–0.72) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Never, widowed, or divorced | 8 (7.3) | 34 (3.4) | 1 | |||
Presently married | 102 (92.7) | 969 (96.6) | 0.45 (0.20–0.99) | |||
Number of family members living together | ||||||
0 | 4 (3.6) | 9 (0.9) | 4.61 (1.37–15.5) | 0.905 | 4.68 (1.22–18.0) | 0.665 |
1 | 49 (44.5) | 508 (50.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
≥ 2 | 57 (51.8) | 486 (48.5) | 1.22 (0.81–1.82) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | ||