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Table 4 Odds ratios (ORs) for relationships between PTB risk and fermented food intake frequency before pregnancy by logistic regression analysis, (A)less than 34 weeks, (B) 34 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks

From: Fermented foods and preterm birth risk from a prospective large cohort study: the Japan Environment and Children’s study

 

(A) Early preterm delivery (< 34 weeks)

(B) Late preterm (34–36 weeks)

Cases/All (%)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p value

Cases/all (%)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p value

Miso soup, n (%)

 < 1 day a week

69/11,008 (0.63)

Reference

 

298/11,008 (2.71)

Reference

 

 1–2 days a week

66/18,207 (0.36)

0.58 (0.40–0.85)

0.005

456/18,207 (2.50)

0.93 (0.79―1.09)

0.354

 3–4 days a week

100/21,645 (0.46)

0.69 (0.49–0.98)

0.039

543/21,645 (2.51)

0.97 (0.83―1.13)

0.660

 ≥ 5 days a week

102/26,807 (0.38)

0.62 (0.44–0.87)

0.006

709/26,807 (2.64)

1.00 (0.86―1.16)

0.959

Yogurt, n (%)

 < 1 time a week

129/25,354 (0.51)

Reference

 

656/25,354 (2.59)

Reference

 

 1–4 times a week

147/33,129 (0.44)

0.83 (0.64–1.09)

0.185

863/33,129 (2.60)

1.01 (0.91―1.13)

0.860

 ≥ 5 times a week

61/19,184 (0.32)

0.62 (0.44–0.87)

0.006

487/19,184 (2.54)

0.98 (0.86―1.11)

0.694

Cheese, n (%)

 < 1 time a week

176/37,567 (0.47)

Reference

 

956/37,567 (2.54)

Reference

 

 1–2 times a week

100/23,861 (0.42)

0.92 (0.70–1.22)

0.570

637 /23,861 (2.67)

1.07 (0.96―1.19)

0.214

 ≥ 3 times a week

61/16,239 (0.38)

0.71 (0.50–1.00)

0.053

413 /16,239 (2.54)

1.02 (0.90―1.16)

0.738

Fermented soybeans, n (%)

 < 1time a week

152/30,609 (0.50)

Reference

 

803/30,609 (2.62)

Reference

 

 1–2 times a week

123/27,474 (0.45)

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

0.373

690/27,474 (2.51)

0.97 (0.87―1.09)

0.639

 ≥ 3 times a week

62/19,584 (0.32)

0.60 (0.43–0.84)

0.003

513/19,584 (2.62)

1.03 (0.91―1.16)

0.655

  1. Note: Adjusted OR was estimated by applying multivariable analyses considering the following confounders; (A) mother age, BMI, smoking history, parity, previous, educational background, household income, and working ≥ 42 h/week, (B) mother age, BMI, smoking history, parity, previous, educational background, household income, and working ≥ 42 h/week and part-timer. Their categories were shown in the “Methods” section