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Table 2 Overall analyses on low academic performance n = 1663

From: Association between lifestyle, parental smoke, socioeconomic status, and academic performance in Japanese elementary school children: the Super Diet Education Project

 

Low academic

Univariate

 

Multivariatea

 

%

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

Sex (girl/boy)

17.4/18.6

0.92 (0.72–1.19)

0.53

1.00 (0.77–1.31)

0.98

Senior grade (4–6)/junior (1–3)

18.4 / 17.6

1.06 (0.82–1.36)

0.65

1.11 (0.84–1.45)

0.47

Wakeup time on week day

 < 6:30 a.m.

14.7

1

 

1

 

 6:30 to < 7:00

20.4

1.49 (1.15–1.93)

< 0.01

1.36 (1.03–1.78)

0.03

 ≥ 7:00

32.3

2.77 (1.59–4.81)

< 0.001

2.48 (1.36–4.50)

< 0.01

Skipping breakfast (yes/no)

26.4/17.4

1.70 (1.09–2.65)

0.02

1.10 (0.68–1.78)

0.71

Screen time on week day (≥ 2 h/< 2 h)

22.3/15.3

1.59 (1.24–2.05)

< 0.001

1.35 (1.04–1.76)

0.03

Physical activity

     

 Very often

15.6

1

 

1

 

 Often

18.4

1.22 (0.89–1.66)

0.22

1.30 (0.94–1.79)

0.11

 Rarely

19.8

1.34 (0.95–1.88)

0.09

1.33 (0.93–1.90)

0.11

Bedtime on week day (late/not late) late: ≥ 10 for junior, and ≥ 10:30 for senior grades children

20.8/17.5

1.23 (0.87–1.76)

0.24

0.87 (0.59–1.28)

0.49

Daytime sleepiness (yes/no)

21.0/17.4

1.27 (0.92–1.74)

0.15

1.10 (0.78–1.54)

0.58

Obesity (yes/no)

20.3/17.8

1.18 (0.76–1.83)

0.47

1.07 (0.67–1.70)

0.78

Cram school (no/yes)

19.1/14.7

1.37 (1.01–1.86)

0.04

1.01 (0.73–1.40)

0.96

Study duration at home (<1 h/≥ 1 h)

21.5/12.5

1.89 (1.43–2.50)

< 0.001

1.82 (1.34–2.49)

< 0.001

Paternal smoke (yes/no)

22.2/14.7

1.66 (1.29–2.14)

< 0.001

1.47 (1.12–1.92)

< 0.01

Maternal smoke (yes/no)

31.3/16.3

2.34 (1.66–3.29)

< 0.001

1.87 (1.29–2.72)

< 0.001

Subjective SES

 High

13.9

1

 

1

 

 Middle

18.8

1.43 (1.04–1.97)

0.03

1.37 (0.99–1.90)

0.06

 Low

20.8

1.62 (1.14–2.32)

< 0.01

1.48 (1.03–2.14)

0.04

  1. SES socioeconomic status, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. aAll variables were simultaneously included in the multivariate model. The numbers in Italics showed a statistical significant