Fig. 1

Effects of MPP⁺ on the proliferation and apoptosis of PC12 cells. a PC12 cells were incubated with MPP⁺ (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 μM) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell viability was determined by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. The results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. b Images of AO/EB staining were observed via fluorescence microscopy after treatment with MPP⁺ (113.5, 227, and 454 μM) for 48 h (× 400); the 113.5, 227, and 454 μM are showed as 1/2 M0, M0, and 2 M0, respectively