Table 3 Unadjusted odds ratios (uOR), adjusted odds ratios (aOR), and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the key associated factors for dental caries in primary school children aged 6–8 years
Characteristic | Unadjusted odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
uOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
I. Socioeconomic factors | ||||
 Mother’s education | ||||
  Low level (high school or less) | 18.7 | 10.9–31.8 | 4.4 | 1.3–15.5 |
  High level (college or university) | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
 Family monthly income | ||||
  Low (≤ 10,000SR) | 57.6 | 20.8–159.7 | 28.2 | 5.2–153.9 |
  High (> 10,000SR) | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
 Medical insurance with dental coverage | ||||
  No | 22.9 | 13.4–39.2 | 4.2 | 1.2–14.3 |
  Yes | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
II. Child oral health behavior and practices | ||||
 Frequency of brushing teeth per day | ||||
  Less than once daily | 174.4 | 41.6–730.3 | 30.1 | 3.1–294.3 |
  Once daily | 3.9 | 2.3–6.7 | 0.2 | 0.0–0.6 |
  Two times or more daily | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
 Started brushing teeth at the age | ||||
  2 years or less | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
  3 years | 1.6 | 0.8–3.3 | 21.2 | 2.2–203.6 |
  4 years | 5.0 | 2.1–11.6 | 9.3 | 1.3–68.0 |
  5–6 years | 22.3 | 10.7–46.4 | 1.7 | 0.3–9.6 |
  Unknown | 15.9 | 5.0–50.8 | 0.1 | 0.0–1.3 |
 Reason for recent dental visit | ||||
  Did not visit or unknown | 3.0 | 1.7–5.4 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.6 |
  Toothache | 70.1 | 29.0–169.4 | 21.4 | 3.9–119.3 |
  Checkup or consultation | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
III. Child feeding practices | ||||
 Type of milk feeding practice | ||||
  Breast-fed only | 3.1 | 0.7–13.5 | 33.1 | 4.7–231.4 |
  Mixed-fed | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
  Powdered milk only | 3.4 | 1.2–9.5 | 38.4 | 3.2–459.9 |
 Child sleeps with bottle in mouth | ||||
  No | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
  Yes | 29.0 | 16.1–52.5 | 4.4 | 1.4–13.4 |
 Number of snacks consumed between meals | ||||
  One snack | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
  2 or more snacks | 20.1 | 11.6–34.8 | 6.8 | 2.1–21.4 |
IV. Dietary factors (consumed at least twice a week) | ||||
 Fresh fruits | ||||
  No | 19.3 | 11.0–33.7 | 11.6 | 2.8–48.2 |
  Yes | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
Soft drinks | ||||
  No | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
  Yes | 13.9 | 8.1–23.8 | 5.3 | 1.5–18.0 |
 Flavored milk | ||||
  No | 1.0 | (Ref)†| 1.0 | (Ref)†|
  Yes | 2.5 | 1.5–4.2 | 7.7 | 2.6–23.0 |