Preliminary monitoring of concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) in seven townships of Yangon City, Myanmar

Table 2 PM_2.5 concentrations (μg/m³) of seven townships

Township	Morning (7:00 h) Mean ± SD (Mini~Maxi)	Afternoon (13:00 h) Mean ± SD (Mini~Maxi)	Evening (19:00 h) Mean ± SD (Mini~Maxi)	Population Density (people/km²)	Traffic congestion (vehicle/h)	Remark
Hlaing	117 ± 38^Δ (66 ~ 458)	38 ± 11* (19 ~ 75)	94 ± 35^♦ (46~ 246)	9100	Data not available	Residential area
Hlaingtharyar	164 ± 52^Δ (94 ~ 287)	31 ± 15* (5 ~ 60)	100 ± 35^♦ (45~ 186)	10,385	No traffic- light	Industrial area
Kyimyindine	104 ± 69^Δ (41 ~ 698)	31 ± 12* (11 ~ 80)	71 ± 27^♦ (39~ 315)	8955	3600	Semi-residential area
Kamayut	91 ± 37^Δ (39 ~ 197)	30 ± 14* (7 ~ 185)	60 ± 22^♦ (35 ~ 312)	12,000	1920	Semi-residential area
Pazundaung	78 ± 29^Δ (31 ~ 192)	35 ± 23* (11 ~ 416)	67 ± 30^♦ (28 ~ 207)	31,000	3720	Residential area
South Okkalapa	121 ± 35^Δ (47 ~ 234)	66 ± 48* (20 ~ 234)	77 ± 29^♦ (45 ~ 500)	19,635	5760	Commercial area
Tamwe	130 ± 102^Δ (49 ~ 878)	39 ± 21* (15 ~ 141)	69 ± 27^♦ (32 ~ 346)	3200	2520	Residential area

Data are presented as mean ± SD, (minimum~maximum), ANOVA with post hoc: ^Δmorning vs afternoon, ^♦morning vs evening, *afternoon vs evening, significant level (p < 0.001). Population density data were obtained from Yangon City Development Committee (http://www.ycdc.gov.mm/). Traffic congestion data were recorded at 19:00 h at respective traffic lights in five townships

ISSN: 1347-4715