Table 4 Multivariable regression result on factors associated with the household use of appropriate water treatment methods in DHS of 2005, 2011, and 2016, Ethiopia

Residency

Rural

327

11,414

1.0

914

12,002

1.0

724

1.0

Urban

82

1888

0.56 (0.28, 1.13)

454

3318

0.32 (0.18, 0.56)*

357

1.11 (0.71, 1.74)

Education of head

No education

177

9059

1.0

486

9040

1.0

377

1.0

Primary

134

2809

2.07 (1.45, 2.95)*

493

4832

1.56 (1.23, 1.98)*

380

2.12 (1.47, 3.07)*

Secondary

60

1154

2.18 (1.32, 3.60)*

143

753

2.33 (1.64, 3.31)*

136

2.05 (1.33, 3.15)*

Higher

36

250

5.99 (3.48, 10.33)*

240

670

3.61 (2.56, 5.07)*

187

3.43 (2.19, 5.37)*

Wealth status

Poorest

50

2704

1.0

111

3097

1.0

165

1.0

Poorer

65

2773

1.11 (0.62, 1.98)

151

3069

1.35 (0.88, 2.09)

128

1.16 (0.53, 2.52)

Middle

50

2617

0.80 (0.40, 1.62)

177

2914

1.63 (1.04, 2.56) *

150

1.70 (0.85, 3.42)

Higher

102

2427

1.50 (0.73, 3.10)

303

2764

2.71 (1.67, 4.39)*

201

1.51 (0.78, 2.92)

Highest

142

2781

1.46 (0.54, 3.98)

626

3476

5.04 (2.62, 9.69)*

436

1.09 (0.50, 2.38)

Water sources

Improved

156

5370

—

797

8159

1.0

697

-

Unimproved

253

7931

—

571

7160

1.75 (1.18, 2.60)*

384

-

Had radio

No

188

8901

1.0

522

9395

1.0

658

1.0

Yes

221

4396

1.58 (1.02, 2.47)*

846

5922

1.50 (1.21, 1.86)*

423

1.34 (1.03, 1.74)*

Had television

No

368

12,671

1.0

995

13,952

1.0

762

1.0

Yes

41

627

1.17 (0.73, 1.98)

371

1359

2.77 (1.93, 3.97)*

319

2.18 (1.33, 3.58)*

Sex of house head

Female

103

3014

—

980

11,355

1.0

776

1.0

Male

306

10,288

—

388

3965

1.43 (1.16, 1.76)*

305

1.25 (0.97, 1.59)

Presence of under 5-year-old child

No

149

5546

1.0

689

7089

1.0

546

—

Yes

260

7756

1.18 (0.86, 1.64)

679

8231

1.01 (0.83, 1.204)

535

—

Interruption of water sources at least a day in the last 2 weeks

No

‾

‾

‾

‾

‾

‾

‾

1.0

Yes

‾

‾

‾

‾

‾

‾

‾

1.10 (0.79, 1.55)