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Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios for a tenfold increase of maternal BPA and phthalate metabolite levels on having behavioral problems

From: Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates and behavioral problems in children at preschool age: the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health

 

Number of children in borderline/clinical

BPA

MnBP

MiBP

MEHP

MECPP

∑DBPm

∑DEHPm

OR (95% CI)

All

Total difficulties (≧ 13)

213

1.28 (0.94, 1.74)

0.51 (0.22, 1.18)

0.42 (0.17, 1.03)

0.93 (0.65, 1.33)

1.13 (0.58, 1.13)

0.48 (0.20, 1.13)

0.93 (0.63, 1.38)

Conduct problems (≧ 4)

142

1.15 (0.84, 1.58)

1.33 (0.55, 3.20)

1.37 (0.53, 3.58)

0.81 (0.56, 1.18)

2.78 (1.36, 5.68)*

1.34 (0.54, 3.33)

0.82 (0.55, 1.24)

Hyperactivity/inattention (≧ 6)

126

1.06 (0.75, 1.51)

1.10 (0.42, 2.84)

0.93 (0.33, 2.65)

1.22 (0.82, 1.84)

1.52 (0.71, 3.29)

1.04 (0.39, 2.80)

1.25 (0.81, 1.95)

Emotional symptoms (≧ 4)

116

0.92 (0.66, 1.27)

0.83 (0.35, 1.98)

0.57 (0.22, 1.45)

0.86 (0.59, 1.27)

0.65 (0.33, 1.31)

0.77 (0.31, 1.88)

0.85 (0.56, 1.28)

Peer problems (≧ 4)

64

0.99 (0.65, 1.52)

0.92 (0.30, 2.87)

0.45 (0.14, 1.49)

0.78 (0.47, 1.29)

0.90 (0.36, 2.25)

0.79 (0.25, 2.54)

0.76 (0.44, 1.44)

Prosocial behavior (≦ 5)

112

1.46 (1.04, 2.06)+

0.97 (0.39, 2.40)

0.96 (0.36, 2.56)

0.89 (0.59, 1.33)

1.10 (0.53, 2.31)

0.95 (0.37, 2.42)

0.88 (0.56, 1.36)

Boy

Total difficulties (≧ 13)

128

1.26 (0.82, 1.95)

0.54 (0.18, 1.61)

0.43 (0.13, 1.46)

0.82 (0.49, 1.35)

0.62 (0.24, 1.60)

0.50 (0.16, 1.58)

0.79 (0.46, 1.37)

Conduct problems (≧ 4)

83

1.32 (0.86, 2.03)

1.14 (0.36, 3.55)

0.95 (0.27, 3.30)

0.79 (0.48, 1.31)

2.85 (1.07, 7.57)+

1.09 (0.33, 3.56)

0.78 (0.45, 1.36)

Hyperactivity/inattention (≧ 6)

85

0.80 (0.50, 1.28)

1.03 (0.32, 3.32)

0.87 (0.24, 3.14)

1.05 (0.63, 1.76)

0.92 (0.35, 2.44)

0.98 (0.29, 3.31)

1.06 (0.61, 1.85)

Emotional symptoms (≧ 4)

77

0.89 (0.56, 1.42)

0.78 (0.24, 2.53)

0.52 (0.14, 1.86)

0.97 (0.57, 1.63)

0.65 (0.24, 1.75)

0.71 (0.21, 2.43)

0.95 (0.54, 1.68)

Peer problems (≧ 4)

40

0.96 (0.54, 1.72)

0.74 (0.17, 3.32)

0.50 (0.10, 2.53)

0.67 (0.34, 1.31)

0.68 (0.20, 2.37)

0.67 (0.14, 3.18)

0.64 (0.31, 1.33)

Prosocial behavior (≦ 5)

73

1.68 (1.06, 2.68)+

0.72 (0.24, 2.22)

0.65 (0.19, 2.25)

1.03 (0.62, 1.74)

1.19 (0.45, 3.11)

0.69 (0.21, 2.21)

1.04 (0.59, 1.83)

Girl

Total difficulties (≧ 13)

85

1.30 (0.83, 2.03)

0.26 (0.06, 1.06)

0.25 (0.06, 1.09)

1.10 (0.64, 1.88)

2.37 (0.87, 6.42)

0.24 (0.06, 1.03)

1.16 (0.65, 2.08)

Conduct problems (≧ 4)

59

1.03 (0.63, 1.67)

0.90 (0.19, 4.16)

1.46 (0.29, 7.40)

0.91 (0.50, 1.63)

4.04 (1.31, 12.5)+

0.98 (0.20, 4.78)

0.96 (0.51, 1.82)

Hyperactivity/inattention (≧ 6)

41

1.66 (0.95, 2.90)

1.05 (0.17, 6.38)

0.95 (0.14, 6.50)

1.68 (0.84, 3.37)

5.71 (1.41, 23.1)+

0.99 (0.15, 6.41)

1.79 (0.84, 3.81)

Emotional symptoms (≧ 4)

39

0.93 (0.57, 1.51)

0.45 (0.10, 1.95)

0.34 (0.07, 1.64)

0.77 (0.43, 1.37)

0.84 (0.30, 2.33)

0.41 (0.09, 1.86)

0.76 (0.41, 1.41)

Peer problems (≧ 4)

24

1.08 (0.56, 2.09)

0.64 (0.09, 4.66)

0.18 (0.02, 1.33)

1.06 (0.47, 2.39)

1.24 (0.30, 5.20)

0.47 (0.06, 3.54)

1.09 (0.46, 2.62)

Prosocial behavior (≦ 5)

39

1.31 (0.77, 2.24)

1.60 (0.31, 8.29)

1.76 (0.32, 9.76)

0.66 (0.33, 1.31)

0.78 (0.23, 2.69)

1.62 (0.30, 8.75)

0.63 (0.30, 1.33)

  1. Adjusted for parental ages, maternal cotinine levels, family income during pregnancy, child sex, birth order (first child or not), and child age at SDQ complete. * p < 0.01, +p < 0.05
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

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