Association of prenatal and childhood environment smoking exposure with puberty timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chen, Yiwen; Liu, Qin; Li, Wenyan; Deng, Xu; Yang, Bo; Huang, Xin

doi:10.1186/s12199-018-0722-3

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies

From: Association of prenatal and childhood environment smoking exposure with puberty timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study	Country	Gender	Age at baseline/age at follow-up surveys	End of follow-up	Sample size^a (expose/control^b)	Exposure type^c	PTS exposure level	Primary outcomes	Cohort category
Håkonsen 2013 [29]	Denmark	Boys	Prenatal/18–21 years old	18–21 years old	858/1387	PTS	Past smoker^d 1–9 cigs/day 10–14 cigs/day ≥ 15 cigs/day	Age at acne Age at voice break Age at regular shaving Age at first nocturnal emission	Prospective
Ernst 2012 [30]	Denmark	Girls	Prenatal/19–21 years old	Onset of menarche	129/220	PTS	1–9 cigs/day ≥ 10 cigs/day	Age at menarche	Prospective
Windham 2008 [31]	USA	Girls	Prenatal/ (1) up to 7 or 8 years old (2) 20s or 27–33 years	Onset of menarche	832/722	PTS and ETS	< 10 cigs/day 10–19 cigs /day ≥ 20 cigs/day	Age at menarche	Prospective
Ferris 2010 [32] Terry 2009 [33]	USA	Girls	Prenatal/ (1) up to 7 years old (2) 38–46 years old	Onset of menarche	C1: 98/150 C2: 90/61 C3: 95/61	PTS and ETS	1–9 cigs/day 10–19 cigs/day ≥ 20 cigs/day	No. of girls with early menarche^e	Prospective
Behie 2015 [34]	Australia	Girls	Prenatal/ 12–13 years old	12–13 years old	222/1271	PTS	Smoking most days; smoking occasionally	Age at menarche No. of girls reached menarche	Prospective
Windham 2004 [35]	USA	Girls	Prenatal/ (1) 5 years old (2) 9–11 years old (3) 15–17 years old	16 or 17 years old	C1: 508/214, C2: 162/214, C3: 417/214	PTS and ETS	1–9 cigs/day 10–19 cigs/day ≥ 20 cigs/day	No. of girls with early menarche^f	Prospective
Tehrani 2014 [36]	Iran	Girls	Prenatal/ evaluated once every 3 years	Onset of menarche	34/367	ETS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche	Prospective
Rubin 2009 [37]	UK	Girls	Prenatal/evaluated once yearly from 8 to 11 years	11 years old	368/2159	PTS	Not mentioned	No. of girls with early menarche^g	Prospective
Shrestha 2011 [23]	Denmark	Girls	Prenatal/(1) 15–18 years old (2) 18–21 years old	Onset of menarche	656/970	PTS and ETS	Stop smoking sometimes during pregnancy; 1–9 cigs/day; ≥ 10 cigs/day	Age at menarche	Prospective
Maisonet 2010 [38]	UK	Girls	Prenatal/8–14 years old	Onset of menarche	647/2657	PTS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche Age at breast development stage ≥ 2 and ≥ 3 Age at pubic hair development stage≥2 and ≥ 3	Prospective
Fried 2001 [39]	Canada	Boys and girls	Prenatal/evaluated once yearly up to 8 years, thereafter, every 3 years	13–16 years old	Not mentioned	PTS	Up to 16 mg nicotine/day; ≥ 16 mg nicotine/day	Age at menarche Age at breast began to develop Age at start shaving Age at voice break	Prospective
Wang 2012 [40]	USA	Girls	Prenatal/evaluated once yearly from 10 to 15 years old	Onset of menarche	21/284	PTS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche Age of breast developmentstage1 or 2 and 3 Age of pubic hair developmentstage1 or 2 and 3	Prospective
Flom 2017 [41]	USA	Girls	Prenatal/ infancy, early childhood and adulthood	Onset of menarche	647/443	PTS	Not mentioned	No. of girls with early menarche^f	Prospective
Dossus 2012 [42]	France	Girls	40–65 years old/ Prenatal	–	802/75,171	PTS and ETS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche	Retrospective
Hart 2009 [43]	Australia	Girls	Prenatal/2, 6, 8, 10, 13/14, and 16/17 years old	Onset of menarche	47/184	PTS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche No. of girls with breast development stage3 No. of girls with pubic hairdevelopmentstage2/3	Prospective
Morris 2010 [44]	UK	Girls	16–30 years old/prenatal	–	630/5710	PTS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche	Retrospective
D’Aloisio 2013 [45]	USA	Girls	Not mentioned/prenatal	–	11,029/21,067	PTS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche	Retrospective
Ravnborg 2011 [46]	Denmark	Boys	Not mentioned/prenatal	–	PTS:1385/2101 ETS:769/1332	PTS and ETS	Not mentioned	No. of boys with early voice break No. of boys with early growth of penis No. of boys with early pubic hair development	Retrospective
Carter 2014 [47]	USA	Girls	Prenatal/14 years old	14 years old	168/97	PTS	Not mentioned	Age at menarche	Prospective
Liu 2010 [48]	USA	Girls	Prenatal/1,4,7,18 years old	Onset of menarche	486/308	PTS	1–19 cigs/day ≥ 20 cigs/day	No. of girls with early menarche^h	Prospective

^aPTS prenatal tobacco smoke, ETS childhood environment tobacco smoke. C1 PTS/control, C2 ETS/control, C3 both PTS and ETS/control
^bControl group: non-smoker group
^cExposure type included 3 types:(1) PTS, (2) ETS, (3) both PTS and ETS
^dPast smoker, included women who smoked before pregnancy or stopped sometime before 36th gestational week
^eEarly puberty occurred was defined according to age at menarche, ≤ 12 years for early menarche
^fEarly puberty occurred was defined according to age at menarche, < 12 years for early menarche
^gEarly puberty occurred was defined according to age at menarche, ≤ 11 years for early menarche
^hEarly puberty occurred was defined according to age at menarche, < 11 years for early menarche

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