Table 1 General characteristics and variables between case and control groups
From: Association between diabetes and pesticides: a case-control study among Thai farmers
Characteristic | Case (n = 866)* | Control (n = 1021) | P value** |
|---|---|---|---|
Men (%) | 286 (33.0) | 357 (35.0) | 0.38 |
Age (years) | 0.99 | ||
≤ 44 | 57 (6.6) | 71 (7.0) | |
45–54 | 246 (28.4) | 293 (28.7) | |
55–64 | 373 (43.1) | 435 (42.6) | |
65–74 | 162 (18.7) | 186 (18.2) | |
≥ 75 | 28 (3.2) | 36 (3.5) | |
Mean age ± s.d. | 57.68 ± 9.00 | 57.64 ± 9.17 | 0.92 |
Median (min-max) | 58.0 (25–84) | 58.0 (15–86) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.01 | ||
< 18.50 | 27 (3.1) | 66 (6.5) | |
18.50–22.90 | 227 (26.2) | 379 (37.1) | |
23.00–24.90 | 178 (20.6) | 182 (17.8) | |
25.00–29.90 | 283 (32.7) | 279 (27.3) | |
> 30.00 | 115 (13.3) | 76 (7.4) | |
Missing | 36 (4.2) | 39 (3.8) | |
Mean ± s.d. | 25.70 ± 6.94 | 24.06 ± 6.04 | < 0.01 |
Median (min-max) | 24.8 (13.8–141.7) | 23.5 (13.8–166.7) | |
Occupation | 0.02 | ||
Farmer | 650 (75.1) | 805 (78.8) | |
Non-farming private business | 164 (18.9) | 145 (14.2) | |
Other | 49 (5.7) | 70 (6.9) | |
Missing | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | |
Cigarette smoke | < 0.01 | ||
Never smoked cigarettes | 719 (83.0) | 798 (78.2) | |
Have smoked cigarettes | 62 (7.2) | 67 (6.6) | |
Current smoker | 77 (8.9) | 144 (14.1) | |
Missing | 8 (0.9) | 12 (1.2) | |
Mean pack/year ± s.d. | 1.41 ± 5.80 | 2.56 ± 9.36 | < 0.01 |
Median pack/year (min-max) | 0.0 (0.0–75.0) | 0.0 (0.0–120) | |
Alcohol consumption | < 0.01 | ||
Never drank | 616 (71.1) | 647 (63.4) | |
Former drinker | 112 (12.9) | 112 (11.0) | |
Current drinker | 128 (14.8) | 244 (23.9) | |
Missing | 10 (1.2) | 18 (1.8) | |
Mean glasses per week ± s.d. | 3.11 ± 11.6 | 4.8 ± 14.4 | < 0.01 |
Median glasses per week (min-max) | 0.0 (0.0–84.0) | 0.0 (0.0–84.0) | |
Having family history of diabetes | < 0.01 | ||
Yes | 500 (57.7) | 365 (35.7) | |
No | 355 (41.0) | 643 (63.0) | |
Missing | 11 (1.3) | 13 (1.3) | |
Hours of sleep per day | 0.95 | ||
4–6 | 77 (8.9) | 90 (8.8) | |
7–9 | 692 (79.9) | 826 (80.9) | |
10–12 | 54 (6.2) | 68 (6.7) | |
Missing | 43 (5.0) | 37 (3.6) | |
Mean ± s.d. | 7.92 ± 1.12 | 7.93 ± 1.13 | 0.85 |
Lifestyle (morningness-eveningness)*** | 0.77 | ||
Morning types (larks) | 799 (92.3) | 948 (92.9) | |
Evening types (owls) | 53 (6.1) | 67 (6.6) | |
Missing | 14 (1.6) | 6 (0.6) | |
Ever exercise during the past 12 months | 0.60 | ||
Yes | 319 (36.8) | 387 (37.9) | |
No | 535 (61.8) | 617 (60.4) | |
Missing | 12 (1.4) | 17 (1.7) | |
Watching TV during leisure time | 0.43 | ||
Never | 34 (3.9) | 37 (3.6) | |
Rarely | 147 (17.0) | 155 (15.2) | |
Sometimes | 331 (38.2) | 368 (36.0) | |
Very often | 254 (29.3) | 337 (33.0) | |
Always | 54 (6.2) | 58 (5.7) | |
Missing | 46 (5.3) | 66 (6.5) | |
Intakes of vegetables (cups per week) | 0.72 | ||
Quartile1 | 126 (14.5) | 164 (16.1) | |
Quartile2 | 315 (36.4) | 358 (35.1) | |
Quartile3 | 197 (22.7) | 238 (23.3) | |
Quartile4 | 177 (20.4) | 196 (19.2) | |
Missing | 51 (5.9) | 65 (6.4) | |
Mean cups per week ± s.d. | 12.40 ± 11.58 | 12.00 ± 11.21 | 0.46 |
Intakes of fruits (cups per week) | 0.95 | ||
Quartile1 | 254 (29.3) | 296 (29.0) | |
Quartile2 | 263 (30.4) | 314 (30.8) | |
Quartile3 | 148 (17.1) | 163 (16.0) | |
Quartile4 | 149 (17.2) | 178 (17.4) | |
Missing | 52 (6.0) | 70 (6.9) | |
Mean cups per week ± s.d. | 5.44 ± 6.91 | 5.29 ± 6.76 | 0.64 |
Intakes of sweets (cups per week) | 0.22 | ||
Quartile1 | 65 (7.5) | 67 (6.6) | |
Quartile2 | 316 (36.5) | 352 (34.5) | |
Quartile3 | 159 (18.4) | 223 (21.8) | |
Quartile4 | 280 (32.3) | 311 (30.5) | |
Missing | 46 (5.3) | 68 (6.7) | |
Mean cups per week ± s.d. | 2.91 ± 4.56 | 2.98 ± 4.57 | 0.75 |