The joint impact of habitual exercise and glycemic control on the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and older males

Table 4 The influence of the combination of an exercise habit and the glycemic control on the incidence of CKD

	Total	Developed CKD (n, per 10,000 person-years)	Developed proteinuria (n, per 10,000 person-years)	Univariate model		Multivariable model
	Total	Developed CKD (n, per 10,000 person-years)	Developed proteinuria (n, per 10,000 person-years)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p value
Combined with exercise habit and glycemic control states
Exercise habit; yes + NGT	122	6 (82.0)	0	1.00 (Ref.)	–	1.00 (Ref.)	–
Exercise habit; yes + hyperglycemia	26	4 (256.4)	0	3.29 (0.93–9.66)	0.065	2.50 (0.69–9.14)	0.164
Exercise habit; no + NGT	133	16 (200.5)	1 (12.5)	2.77 (1.08–7.08)	0.033	2.82 (1.07–7.36)	0.034
Exercise habit; no + hyperglycemia	22	6 (454.5)	1 (75.8)	6.77 (2.18–18.02)	0.001	5.89 (1.87–16.63)	0.003

The data are expressed as the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)). In this analysis, the lack of an exercise habit and the prevalence of hyperglycemia at baseline were dependent variables and the incidence of CKD was an independent variable. The multivariable model was adjusted for age, BMI, eGFR, the use of anti-hypertensive drugs and anti-hyperlipidemic agents, and smoking and drinking habits at baseline

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