Table 3 The baseline characteristics in subjects according to the combination of habitual exercise (performance/non-performance) and hyperglycemia (presence/absence)

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

77.2 ± 10.7

78.6 ± 10.8

76.9 ± 10.4

73.9 ± 7.2

 G1 (n, %; eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m²)

10 (8.2)

3 (11.5)

16 (12.0)

0 (0)

 G2 (n, %; eGFR 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m²)

112 (91.8)

23 (88.5)

117 (88.0)

22 (100)

Serum creatinine (mg/dl)

0.84 ± 0.10

0.81 ± 0.10

0.85 ± 0.09

0.85 ± 0.08

Age (years)

50.5 ± 6.8

54.8 ± 6.4

52.6 ± 6.5

56.0 ± 5.3 ^a

Body weight (kg)

67.4 ± 9.8

69.3 ± 10.4

67.0 ± 8.5

69.4 ± 10.1

BMI (kg/m²)

23.0 ± 2.4

23.7 ± 2.2

23.3 ± 2.9

23.4 ± 2.4

Waist circumference (cm)

83.2 ± 8.2

84.3 ± 7.1

83.3 ± 6.8

85.5 ± 9.1

SBP (mmHg)

123.6 ± 15.1

132.7 ± 13.0

127.4 ± 14.1

134.5 ± 20.5 ^a

DBP (mmHg)

82.3 ± 10.2

85.6 ± 12.4

82.8 ± 10.2

85.4 ± 10.5

LDL-C (mg/dl)

117.3 ± 26.2

117.7 ± 25.3

120.7 ± 24.3

114.6 ± 24.0

HDL-C (mg/dl)

60.7 ± 12.8

56.8 ± 13.0

55.8 ± 14.8

54.3 ± 14.3 ^a

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

109.2 ± 67.7

111.1 ± 68.0

139.4 ± 76.3

141.8 ± 77.4

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

94.1 ± 9.8

126.5 ± 26.4 ^{a, b}

96.6 ± 7.4

129.3 ± 28.6 ^{a, b}

HbA₁c (NGSP values; %)

5.5 ± 0.4

6.3 ± 1.3 ^{a, b}

5.5 ± 0.4

6.4 ± 0.9 ^{a, b}

HbA₁c (IFCC values; %)

36.2 ± 3.8

46.3 ± 14.8 ^{a, b}

36.6 ± 4.4

46.8 ± 10.2 ^{a, b}

Smoking habit (yes/no; n, %)

27 (22.1)/95 (77.9)

3 (11.5)/23 (88.5)

29 (21.8)/104 (78.2)

4 (18.2)/18 (81.8)

Drinking habit (yes/no; n, %)

100 (82.0)/22 (18.0)

19 (73.1)/7 (26.9)

96 (72.2)/37 (27.8)

17 (77.3)/5 (22.7)

Anti-hypertensive drugs (yes/no; n, %)

16 (13.1)/106 (86.9)

3 (11.5)/23 (88.5)

15 (11.3)/118 (88.7)

9 (40.9)/13 (59.1)

Anti-hyperlipidemic agents (yes/no; n, %)

14 (11.5)/108 (88.5)

3 (11.5)/23 (88.5)

5 (3.8)/128 (96.2)

3 (13.6)/19 (86.4)

Hypoglycemic drugs (yes/no; n, %)

0 (0)/122 (100)

2 (7.7)/24 (92.3)

0 (0)/133 (100)

5 (22.7)/17 (77.3)