Table 1 Maternal characteristics and their differences between the normal and excessive use groups
Maternal characteristics | Total (N = 461) | Mobile normal user (N = 415) | Mobile excessive user (N = 46) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age | 29.54 (±5.35) | 30.03 (±5.08) | 25.09 (±5.70) | <0.001 |
Mobile start age, years | 17.29 (±2.81) | 17.48 (±2.80) | 15.63 (2.33) | <0.001 |
Wight change during pregnancy | 11.25 (±3.88) | 11.20 (±3.85) | 11.67 (±4.12) | 0.44 |
Maternal BMI before pregnancy | 21.49 (±3.01) | 21.52 (±3.43) | 21.13 (±3.16) | 0.45 |
Maternal smoking | ||||
Yes | 29 (6.3%) | 24 (5.8%) | 5 (10.9%) | 0.19 |
No | 432 (93.7%) | 391 (94.2%) | 41 (89.1%) | |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 31 (6.7%) | 18 (4.3%) | 13 (28.3%) | <0.001 |
Married | 430 (93.3%) | 397 (95.7%) | 33 (71.7%) | |
Employment status | ||||
Full-time joba | 111 (24.1%) | 96 (23.1%) | 15 (32.6%) | 0.09 |
Part-time job | 152 (33.0%) | 135 (32.5%) | 17 (37.0%) | |
Housewife | 162 (35.1%) | 152 (36.6%) | 10 (21.7%) | |
Independent business | 18 (3.9%) | 16 (3.9%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
No answers | 18 (3.9%) | 16 (3.9%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
Family income, ¥ per year | ||||
<4,000,000 | 255 (55.3%) | 225 (54.2%) | 30 (65.2%) | 0.03 |
4,000,000–7,999,999 | 141 (30.6%) | 133 (32.0%) | 8 (1.7%) | |
8,000,000–11,999,999 | 15 (3.3%) | 15 (3.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
≧12,000,000 | 12 (2.6%) | 11 (2.7%) | 1 (2.1%) | |
No answer | 38 (8.2%) | 31 (7.5%) | 7 (15.2%) | |
Maternal schooling degree | ||||
High schoola | 253 (54.9%) | 216 (52.0%) | 37 (80.4%) | <0.001 |
Collegeb | 206 (44.7%) | 197 (47.5%) | 9 (19.6%) | |
Otherwise | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
Primiparity | ||||
Yes | 307 (66.6%) | 281 (67.7%) | 26 (56.5%) | <0.001 |
No | 154 (33.4%) | 134 (32.3%) | 20 (43.5%) | |
Time of laid up (excluding sleep), hours | 5.00 (±3.68) | 4.95 (±3.74) | 5.57 (±2.93) | 0.36 |
Time of watch TV, hours | 2.67 (±2.05) | 2.56 (±2.00) | 3.59 (±2.27) | 0.09 |
Time of playing game, minutes | 28.0 (±56.5) | 21.17 (±0.7) | 89.90 (±1.8) | <0.001 |
Time of mobile use, minutes | 133.7 (±191.4) | 113.91 (±167.9) | 314.91 (279.0) | <0.001 |
Designated spot for mobile | ||||
Bag | 364 (79.0%) | 335 (80.7%) | 29 (63.0%) | 0.66 |
Trouser pocket | 48 (10.4%) | 34 (8.2%) | 14 (30.4%) | |
Shirt pocket | 5 (1.1%) | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
Coat pocket | 17 (3.7%) | 14 (3.4%) | 3 (6.5%) | |
Others | 27 (5.9%) | 27 (6.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
Designated spot for mobile | ||||
Bag or coat pocket and others | 408 (88.5%) | 376 (90.6%) | 32 (69.6%) | <0.001 |
Trouser pocket or shirt pocket | 53 (11.5%) | 39 (9.4%) | 14 (30.4%) | |
Bed time (time go to bed, PM) | 10:54 | 10:54 | 11:48 | <0.001 |
Power state of the mobile phone during sleep | 0.65 | |||
On | 425 (92.2%) | 381 (91.6%) | 44 (95.7%) | |
Usually on | 22 (4.8%) | 20 (4.8%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
Sometimes on | 6 (1.3%) | 6 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | |
Off | 8 (1.7%) | 8 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | |
Location of the phone during sleep | 0.33 | |||
0.5 m from abdominal | 115 (24.9%) | 99 (23.9%) | 16 (34.8%) | |
1 m from abdominal | 236 (51.2%) | 216 (52.0%) | 20 (43.5%) | |
1.5 m from abdominal | 62 (13.3%) | 55 (13.3%) | 7 (15.2%) | |
2 m from abdominal | 48 (10.4%) | 45 (10.8%) | 3 (6.5%) | |
Total sleep time (hours) | 7.5 (±1.48) | 7.5 (±1.46) | 7.7 (±1.64) | 0.35 |
Pregnancy complications | 0.30 | |||
Yes | 12 (2.6%) | 12 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | |
No | 449 (97.4%) | 403 (97.1%) | 46 (100%) | |
Obstetric labor complication | 0.08 | |||
Yes | 219 (47.6%) | 193 (46.5%) | 27 (58.7%) | |
No | 241 (52.4%) | 222 (53.5%) | 19 (41.3%) | |