Table 9 Findings from the Sapporo and Hokkaido cohorts on the relationship between exposures and neurodevelopment

 PCDD/PCDFs

BSID-II

6 months

134

Several dioxin isomers showed adverse effects on motor development in 6-month-old male infants.

[46]

 PCDD/PCDFs, PCBs

BSID-II

18 months

190

At 18 months of age, the associations observed at 6 months disappeared. The levels of six dioxin isomers were significantly positively associated with mental development in 18-month-old girls.

[49]

 PFASs

BSID-II

6 and 18 months

173

PFOA was negatively associated with mental development in 6-month-old girls (per log10 unit: β = −0.296, 95% CI −11.96 to −0.682).

[47]

 DEHP

BSID-II

6 and 18 months

328

Not associated.

[39]

 Bisphenol A

BSID-II, CBCL, K-ABC

6 and 18 months

3.5 years

3.5 years

285

Not associated with mental and psychomotor development, but associated with internalizing problems at 42 months (per log10 unit: β = 4.37, 95% CI 0.11 to 8.64).

[48]

 SES

K-ABC

3.5 years

145

Family income is an optimum indicator of SES in the association with intellectual ability in Japanese children aged 42 months.

[51]

 SES

SDQ

5 years

2553

Maternal prepregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m², primipara, maternal education ≤high school, family income during pregnancy <3 million yen/year, and boy gender were the factors associated with increased odds ratio of the likelihood of child behavioral problems.

[50]