Table 8 Findings from the Sapporo cohort on the association between exposures and hormone levels at birth

PFAS

Maternal/infant TSH, FT4

392

Maternal PFOS levels were inversely correlated with maternal serum TSH and positively associated with infant serum TSH levels, whereas maternal PFOA showed no significant relationship with TSH or FT4 levels among mothers and infants.

[38]

DEHP

Infant TSH, FT4

328

No association.

[39]

Bisphenol A

Infant TSH, FT4

285

No association.

[40]

PCB

Infant TSH, FT4

358

Log10 Σdioxin (TEQ) was associated with increased FT4 (β = 0.224 ng/dL, 95% CI 0.016 to 0.433) overall, and the association was more significant among boys (β = 0.299 ng/dL, 95% CI 0.011 to 0.587).

[41]

PFASs

Cord reproductive hormones

189

PFOS levels were positively associated with E2 and T/E2 and inversely with P4; inhibin B and PFOA levels were positively associated with inhibin B levels in boys. Significant inverse associations were observed between PFOS levels and P4 and PRL levels in girls.

[45]

Cord steroid hormones

185

Cortisol and cortisone reduced in association with PFOS level (Q4 vs. Q1: β = −23.98 ng/mL, 95% CI −47.12 to −11.99; β = −63.21 ng/mL, 95% CI −132.56 to −26.72). DEHA increased (Q4 vs. Q1: β = 1.33 ng/mL, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.82). DHEA decreased (Q4 vs. Q1: β = −1.23 ng/mL, 95% CI −1.72 to −0.25) in association with PFOA.

[44]

DEHP

Cord reproductive hormones

202

MEHP was associated with reduced levels of T/E2, P4, and inhibin B. Inverse associations between maternal MEHP levels T/E2, P4, inhibin B, and INSL3 for males.

[42]

Cord steroid hormones

202

MEHP was associated with reduced cortisol and cortisone levels and glucocorticoid/adrenal androgen ratio whereas increased DHEA levels and DHEA/androstenedione ratio.

[43]

Bisphenol A

Cord reproductive hormones

285

Negatively associated with PRL (β = −0.38).

[40]