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Table 2 Plasma free amino acid concentrations (μmol/L) and index values in the study population. The values are shown as means ± standard deviations

From: Plasma free amino acid profiles evaluate risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in a large Asian population

 

Metabolic syndrome

DM

Dyslipidemia

Hypertension

 

Disease

Non-disease

Disease

Non-disease

Disease

Non-disease

Disease

Non-disease

N, subjects

737

6433

465

7650

3582

4533

3141

4974

Val

238.4 ± 38.6

202.8 ± 38.3***

232.3 ± 42.1

204.5 ± 38.9***

215.7 ± 40.0

198.5 ± 37.6***

212.8 ± 39.2

201.9 ± 39.3***

Leu

129.1 ± 24.1

109.5 ± 22.2***

124.0 ± 24.7

110.1 ± 22.6***

115.9 ± 23.7

106.9 ± 21.6***

113.5 ± 22.7

109.2 ± 23.0***

Ile

67.3 ± 15.0

55.6 ± 13.0***

65.1 ± 15.2

56.3 ± 13.4***

59.4 ± 14.3

54.7 ± 12.7***

58.7 ± 13.6

55.5 ± 13.6***

Trp

57.3 ± 10.0

53.0 ± 9.4***

53.9 ± 10.5

53.1 ± 9.4

54.3 ± 9.6

52.2 ± 9.3***

53.7 ± 9.8

52.7 ± 9.3***

Phe

62.0 ± 9.1

56.5 ± 8.9***

61.7 ± 9.0

57.3 ± 9.1***

58.8 ± 8.9

56.6 ± 9.3***

59.9 ± 9.4

56.1 ± 8.8***

Tyr

71.1 ± 13.2

61.3 ± 12.3***

68.6 ± 15.1

62.5 ± 12.7***

64.7 ± 12.6

61.5 ± 13.0***

66.6 ± 13.4

60.5 ± 12.0***

Ala

399.3 ± 78.7

329.9 ± 75.6***

381.5 ± 84.9

334.8 ± 76.8***

352.9 ± 80.4

325.2 ± 73.9***

350.7 ± 79.3

329.1 ± 76.1***

Gly

199.0 ± 46.3

225.6 ± 59.6***

205.1 ± 50.5

224.4 ± 60.0***

219.2 ± 60.2

226.6 ± 59.0***

217.6 ± 60.5

226.9 ± 58.9***

Gln

587.1 ± 76.0

589.1 ± 67.7

598.4 ± 82.7

592.2 ± 68.8

597.2 ± 68.5

588.9 ± 70.5***

597.4 ± 71.2

589.5 ± 68.6***

Ser

106.1 ± 19.9

113.2 ± 20.5***

113.0 ± 21.6

112.3 ± 20.4

110.0 ± 20.2

114.1 ± 20.4***

109.3 ± 20.0

114.2 ± 20.5***

His

82.4 ± 17.8

79.3 ± 14.5***

80.4 ± 9.8

79.2 ± 14.6

79.8 ± 11.8

78.8 ± 16.1**

79.0 ± 9.5

79.3 ± 16.7

Lys

199.4 ± 31.5

181.8 ± 32.6***

195.9 ± 32.6

182.6 ± 32.5***

189.3 ± 31.9

178.6 ± 32.5***

186.9 ± 31.5

181.1 ± 33.2***

Met

27.1 ± 5.1

24.7 ± 5.7***

26.5 ± 5.3

24.8 ± 5.5***

25.1 ± 5.8

24.8 ± 5.3**

25.3 ± 4.9

24.7 ± 5.9***

Thr

130.0 ± 31.9

122.0 ± 27.1***

125.2 ± 29.3

121.9 ± 27.3*

122.1 ± 27.5

122.2 ± 27.4

123.3 ± 28.4

121.4 ± 26.8**

Asn

45.6 ± 7.0

45.7 ± 7.2

46.7 ± 8.1

45.6 ± 7.2**

45.3 ± 6.8

46.0 ± 7.5***

45.6 ± 7.3

45.7 ± 7.2

Cit

30.6 ± 8.2

30.0 ± 7.4*

34.0 ± 11.4

30.7 ± 7.9***

31.7 ± 8.0

30.3 ± 8.3***

32.8 ± 8.6

29.7 ± 7.6***

Arg

98.4 ± 17.9

94.5 ± 18.8***

100.1 ± 22.1

95.0 ± 18.5***

97.1 ± 18.2

93.9 ± 19.1***

97.2 ± 17.7

94.1 ± 19.3***

Pro

153.9 ± 45.7

128.0 ± 42.2***

148.1 ± 46.5

129.4 ± 42.7***

135.5 ± 44.5

126.5 ± 41.7***

134.1 ± 42.1

128.2 ± 43.7***

Orn

51.7 ± 11.6

47.1 ± 11.9***

54.8 ± 15.3

48.2 ± 12.6***

50.6 ± 12.6

46.9 ± 12.7***

51.6 ± 12.9

46.6 ± 12.4***

Index 1

143.3 ± 35.1

101.0 ± 34.8***

133.3 ± 39.9

104.3 ± 36.0***

115.3 ± 37.7

98.6 ± 34.5***

116.1 ± 37.4

99.6 ± 35.0***

Index 2

50.5 ± 17.8

34.5 ± 17.0***

48.3 ± 17.6

36.5 ± 17.6***

41.3 ± 17.2

34.0 ± 17.6***

42.9 ± 16.3

33.6 ± 17.8***

  1. Differences in the total number of total subjects for different diseases are due to varying missing data
  2. Statistical differences between disease and non-disease subjects are shown as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, respectively