Table 3 Odds ratios (ORs) for cognitive impairment (HDS-R ≤20) according to the levels of predictor variables
Predictor variables | Prevalence of cognitive impairment | Adjusted ORa (95 % CI) | P or P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | P = 0.0628 | ||
Men | 16/243 (6.6 %) | 2.25 (0.96–5.27) | |
Women | 10/294 (3.4 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Age (years) | P for trend <0.0001 | ||
65–69 | 1/121 (0.8 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
70–79 | 5/250 (2.0 %) | 2.46 (0.28–21.25) | |
80–89 | 12/147 (8.2 %) | 10.70 (1.37–83.78) | |
90–99 | 8/19 (42.1 %) | 87.77 (10.01–769.42) | |
Family environment | P = 0.3143 | ||
Living with family | 25/498 (5.0 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Living alone | 1/39 (2.6 %) | 0.33 (0.04–2.83) | |
Area of residence | P = 0.0046 | ||
Urban area (Heisei-cho and Katakai) | 6/298 (2.0 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Rural area (Matto) | 20/239 (8.4 %) | 4.04 (1.54–10.62) | |
Current job status | P = 0.4421 | ||
Unemployed | 22/361 (6.1 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Employed | 4/174 (2.3 %) | 0.63 (0.19–2.07) | |
History of hypertension | P = 0.2657 | ||
Absent | 14/265 (5.3 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Present | 12/272 (4.4 %) | 0.62 (0.27–1.44) | |
History of cerebrovascular diseases | P = 0.4350 | ||
Absent | 24/506 (4.7 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Present | 2/31 (6.5 %) | 1.86 (0.39–8.75) | |
History of diabetes | P = 0.4501 | ||
Absent | 23/484 (4.8 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Present | 3/53 (5.7 %) | 1.66 (0.45–6.16) | |
Family history of dementia | P = 0.5046 | ||
Absent | 24/466 (5.2 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Present | 2/71 (2.8 %) | 0.60 (0.13–2.70) | |
Alcohol consumptionb (gou/week) | P for trend = 0.7363 | ||
Non-drinkers | 15/263 (5.7 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
<7 | 5/160 (3.1 %) | 0.49 (0.14–1.71) | |
7–13 | 3/76 (3.9 %) | 0.72 (0.14–3.77) | |
≥14 | 3/35 (8.6 %) | 2.59 (0.44–15.30) | |
Smoking (Brinkman index) | P for trend = 0.5668 | ||
Never-smoker | 15/360 (4.2 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
<675 | 9/105 (8.6 %) | 1.48 (0.48–4.58) | |
≥675 | 2/72 (2.8 %) | 0.45 (0.08–2.49) | |
Bedtime | P for trend = 0.0392 | ||
–8:59 p.m. | 12/87 (13.8 %) | 4.80 (0.93–24.68) | |
9:00–9:59 p.m. | 7/161 (4.3 %) | 1.49 (0.26–8.61) | |
10:00–10:59 p.m. | 5/158 (3.2 %) | 1.44 (0.26-8.11) | |
11:00 p.m.– | 2/131 (1.5 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Hours of sleep | P for trend = 0.1028 | ||
<6 | 2/91 (2.2 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
6–6.9 | 4/130 (3.1 %) | 1.63 (0.27–9.82) | |
7–7.9 | 4/167 (2.4 %) | 1.06 (0.18–6.22) | |
8–8.9 | 8/105 (7.6 %) | 2.48 (0.49–12.69) | |
≥9 | 8/44 (18.2 %) | 5.14 (0.88–30.01) | |
Having roles in family or community | P = 0.1534 | ||
Yes | 20/505 (4.0 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
No | 6/32 (18.8 %) | 2.32 (0.73–7.35) | |
Having activities for pleasure | P = 0.3380 | ||
Yes | 24/513 (4.7 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
No | 2/24 (8.3 %) | 2.34 (0.41–13.32) | |
Property damage by the 2004 earthquake | P for trend = 0.6787 | ||
Not damaged | 4/59 (6.8 %) | 1 (Ref.) | |
Partially damaged | 19/372 (5.1 %) | 1.00 (0.31–3.25) | |
Half or largely destroyed | 2/72 (2.8 %) | 0.97 (0.13–7.35) | |
Completely destroyed | 1/26 (3.8 %) | 0.98 (0.04–21.84) | |