The relationship between hypertension and health-related quality of life: adjusted by chronic pain, chronic diseases, and life habits in the general middle-aged population in Japan

Kitaoka, Masami; Mitoma, Junko; Asakura, Hiroki; Anyenda, Olando Enoch; Nguyen, Thao Thi Thu; Hamagishi, Toshio; Hori, Daisuke; Suzuki, Fumihiko; Shibata, Aki; Horii, Masae; Tsujiguchi, Hiromasa; Hibino, Yuri; Kambayashi, Yasuhiro; Hitomi, Yoshiaki; Shikura, Naoto; Hiroyuki, Nakamura

doi:10.1007/s12199-016-0514-6

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 1 General characteristics of participants in Shika study, 2012

From: The relationship between hypertension and health-related quality of life: adjusted by chronic pain, chronic diseases, and life habits in the general middle-aged population in Japan

	Group 1 (n = 846)				Group 2 (n = 686)
	Men		Women		Men		Women
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	401		445		314		372
Age group
40–49	118	29.4	131	29.4	93	29.6	117	31.5
50–59	136	33.9	166	37.3	106	33.8	139	37.4
60–65	147	36.7	148	33.3	115	36.6	116	31.2
BMI
<18.5	11	2.7	40	9.0^†††	6	1.9	33	8.9^†††
18.5–24.9	270	67.3	321	72.1	209	66.6	273	73.4
25.0≤	120	29.9	84	18.9	99	31.5	66	17.7
Education
Elementary and junior high school	85	21.4	80	18.4^†††	69	22.2	69	19.0^†††
High school	175	44.1	203	46.7	136	43.7	164	45.1
Junior college and vocational	57	14.4	124	28.5	43	13.8	106	29.1
University or higher	80	20.2	28	6.4	63	20.3	25	6.9
Occupational status
Employed	336	85.1	327	74.1^†††	263	84.6	277	75.1^††
Unemployed	59	14.9	114	25.9	48	15.4	92	24.9
Smoking status
Current smoker	175	44.0	46	10.3^†††	131	41.9	43	11.6^†††
Ex-smoker	163	41.0	54	12.1	131	41.9	44	11.8
Non-smoker	60	15.1	345	77.5	51	16.3	285	76.6
Chronic pain more than 3 months
Not have	252	62.8	287	64.5	217	69.1	259	69.6
Have	149	37.2	158	35.5	97	30.9	113	30.4
Sleep condition
Good	183	46.4	217	51.5	148	47.9	188	53.3
Not good	211	53.6	204	48.5	161	52.1	165	46.7
Frequency of exercise (How many times do you exercise a week?)
Never	225	56.8	251	56.7	172	55.7	217	58.6
1–2 times a week	66	16.7	63	14.2	51	16.5	49	13.2
3–4 times a week	28	7.1	51	11.5	25	8.1	42	11.4
5–6 times a week	34	8.6	35	7.9	23	7.4	29	7.8
Every day	43	10.9	43	9.7	38	12.3	33	8.9
Prevalence of disease
No disease	124	30.9	134	30.1	124	39.5	134	36.0
Hypertension	101	25.2	90	20.2	79	25.2	76	20.4
Diabetes mellitus	44	11.0	19	4.3^†††	32	10.2	16	4.3^††
Allergic diseases	48	12.0	67	15.1	30	9.6	48	12.9
Cancer	8	2.0	12	2.7	6	1.9	10	2.7
Insomnia and depression	11	2.7	17	3.8	7	2.2	10	2.7
Gastroduodenal ulcer	63	15.7	32	7.2^†††
Fracture	19	4.7	17	3.8
Osteoarthritis	8	2.0	16	3.6
Osteoporosis	1	0.2	11	2.5^‡‡
Rheumatoid arthritis	1	0.2	5	1.1
Disc herniation	5	1.2	2	0.4

The value in participants with chronic pain was compared to that in participants without chronic pain stratified by sex. Chi-square test:^† p < 0.05, ^†† p < 0.01, ^††† p < 0.001; Fisher’s exact test: ^‡ p < 0.05, ^‡‡ p < 0.01, ^‡‡‡ p < 0.001
Allergic diseases mean bronchial asthma, pollinosis, and atopic dermatitis. Cancer includes gastric, breast, colon, prostate, and thyroid cancer

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ISSN: 1347-4715

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