Fig. 2

The associations between alcohol-related plasma metabolites and serum γ-GTP, AST and ALT. The associations between alcohol-related plasma metabolites and serum γ-GTP, AST and ALT in the high alcohol intake group and non-drinkers were shown. Linear regression analysis between each alcohol-related metabolite (log-transformed if necessary) and γ-GTP, AST, and ALT (log-transformed) was performed (p values are shown); then we calculated fold change and 95 % confidence interval of serum γ-GTP, AST, and ALT per one standard deviation increase in each metabolite using standardized beta of the linear regression analysis. The metabolites with less than 0.05 false discovery rate p-values in the original population and glutamine/glutamine ratio were shown in this figure. Replication analyses were performed for only these variables. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, CSSG Cysteine-glutathione disulfide, γ-GTP gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, SD standard deviation. ^#log-transformed variables. *Adjusted for age. **Adjusted for age, BMI, smoking numbers per year, systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, daily dietary energy intake, and daily physical activity