Fig. 3

Comparison of economic impact multipliers from previous studies. ^aPrevious studies which estimated economic impact multipliers using P/L data and the I–O table in the same manner as our study. In contrast to the analysis model from this study, these studies applied medical cost instead of medical care expenditure, or medical revenue. ^bPrevious studies that analyzed data from the I–O table to estimate economic impact multipliers. ^cEconomic impact multipliers of this study as well as Model 2 indicate point estimates and 95 % CI. ^dDoi and Nakano [12]. ^eDoeksen and Schott [10]. ^fTsukahara [5]