Table 3 Factors associated with low % vital capacity among female participants (N = 2365) (logistic regression analysis)

Age (years)

1.58

1.39–1.79

**

1.53

1.35–1.73

**

1.46

1.28–1.68

**

Anthropometric measurements

 Body mass index (BMI)

  C1 < 25.0

2107 (89.1)

  25.0 ≤ C2 < 27.5

150 (6.3)

1.27

0.75–2.15

1.23

0.77–1.96

  27.5 ≤ C3 < 30.0

58 (2.5)

2.32

1.18–4.55

*

2.05

1.07–3.92

*

  30.0 ≤ C4

50 (2.1)

2.80

1.41–5.55

**

2.84

1.50–5.40

**

 Waist circumference (cm)

  C1 < 85

1864 (78.8)

  85 ≤ C2 < 90

253 (10.7)

1.45

1.19–1.75

**

1.28

0.85–1.95

  90 ≤ C3 < 95

149 (6.3)

1.71

1.37–2.104

**

1.44

0.87–2.39

  95 ≤ C4

99 (4.2)

2.61

2.10–3.25

**

2.32

1.35–4.00

**

Atherosclerotic complications

 Cardiovascular disease (present)

10 (0.4)

9.37

2.69–32.63

**

2.30

0.78–6.77

7.02

1.94–25.40

*

 Cerebrovascular disease (present)

6 (0.3)

18.69

3.41–102.62

**

9.19

1.52–55.62

*

8.11

1.30–50.72

*

Medical history

 Antihypertensive drug use (yes)

135 (5.7)

2.60

1.67–4.04

**

1.15

0.71–1.85

1.32

0.79–2.19

 Antidiabetic drug use (yes)

13 (0.5)

2.78

0.76–10.18

0.68

0.15–3.21

1.17

0.24–5.63

 Antidyslipidemic drug use (yes)

119 (5.0)

2.07

1.26–3.38

**

1.10

0.66–1.84

0.89

0.50–1.60

Healthy lifestyle characteristics

 Smoking behavior (non–current smoker)

2100 (88.8)

1.22

0.73–2.05

1.13

0.71–1.80

0.99

0.60–1.97