Table 2 Factors associated with low % vital capacity among male participants (N = 5527) (logistic regression analysis)

Age (years)^e

1.87

1.71–2.04

**

1.98

1.81–2.17

**

1.85

1.68–2.04

**

Anthropometric measurements

 Body mass index (BMI)

  C1 < 25.0

3990 (72.2)

Reference

Reference

  25.0 ≤ C2 < 27.5

1040 (18.8)

2.11

1.71–2.60

**

2.10

1.72–2.56

**

  27.5 ≤ C3 < 30.0

331 (6.0)

2.25

1.63–3.10

**

2.37

1.75–3.23

**

  30.0 ≤ C4

166 (3.0)

2.67

1.76–4.06

**

3.46

2.34–5.12

**

 Waist circumference (cm)

  C1 < 85

2614 (47.3)

Reference

Reference

  85 ≤ C2 < 90

1419 (25.7)

1.51

1.20–1.90

**

1.40

1.10–1.78

**

  90 ≤ C3 < 95

833 (15.1)

1.73

1.14–2.25

**

1.55

1.17–2.03

**

  95 ≤ C4

661 (12.0)

2.65

2.06–3.41

**

2.51

1.92–3.30

**

% Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%FEV1.0 < 70)

59 (1.1)

8.50

5.05–14.30

**

5.74

3.65–9.01

**

6.96

3.97–12.21

**

Atherosclerotic complications

 Cardiovascular disease (present)

94 (1.7)

2.16

1.27–3.68

**

1.18

0.70–1.98

1.11

0.62–1.97

 Cerebrovascular disease (present)

29 (0.5)

5.14

2.38–11.11

**

2.08

0.93–4.65

2.11

0.89–5.00

Medical histories

 Antihypertensive drug use (yes)

631 (11.4)

2.53

2.02–3.17

**

1.21

0.96–1.53

1.36

1.05–1.75

*

 Antidiabetic drug use (yes)

149 (2.7)

1.98

1.28–3.08

**

1.16

0.76–1.77

1.16

0.72–1.85

 Antidyslipidemic drug use (yes)

277 (5.0)

2.00

1.44–2.79

**

1.31

0.95–1.81

1.24

0.87–1.77

Healthy lifestyle characteristics

 Smoking behavior (non-current smoker)

3505 (63.4)

0.69

0.57–0.83

**

0.58

0.48–0.69

**

0.55

0.46–0.67

**