Table 1 Sex-specific characteristics (N = 7,892)
Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (± SD) or N (%) | Mean (± SD) or N (%) | |||||
Low %VC (<80) (N = 521) | Normal %VC (≥80) (N = 5006) | P | Low %VC (< 80) (N = 232) | Normal %VC (≥80) (N = 2133) | P a | |
Age (years) | 55.2 (10.2) | 48.4 (9.7) | ** | 53.1 (11.7) | 47.5 (10.3) | ** |
Anthropometric measurements | ||||||
Body mass index (BMI) | 24.4 (3.4) | 23.5 (2.9) | ** | 21.9 (3.8) | 21.1 (3.1) | ** |
Waist circumference (cm) | 87.9 (9.5) | 85.2 (7.9) | ** | 80.4 (10.7) | 78.0 (8.7) | ** |
Family history (present) | ||||||
Cardiovascular disease | 75 (14.4) | 601 (12.0) | 39 (16.8) | 307 (14.4) | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | 90 (17.3) | 750 (15.0) | 43 (18.5) | 355 (16.6) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 61 (11.7) | 657 (13.1) | 34 (14.7) | 321 (15.0) | ||
Hypertension | 108 (20.7) | 1103 (22.0) | 75 (32.3) | 645 (30.2) | ||
Malignant neoplasm | 193 (37.0) | 1622 (32.4) | * | 83 (35.8) | 744 (34.9) | |
Atherosclerotic complications (present) | ||||||
Cardiovascular disease | 17 (3.3) | 77 (1.5) | ** | 5 (2.2) | 5 (0.2) | ** |
Cerebrovascular disease | 10 (1.9) | 19 (0.4) | ** | 4 (1.7) | 2 (0.1) | ** |
% Vital capacity (%VC) | 71.7 (7.4) | 97.3 (11.2) | ** | 72.8 (6.0) | 96.4 (10.9) | ** |
% Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%FEV1.0) | 83.2 (8.2) | 85.4 (5.2) | ** | 85.2 (6.5) | 86.5 (5.0) | ** |
Hypertension-related factors | ||||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.3 (14.7) | 120.6 (14.1) | ** | 116.3 (15.7) | 111.4 (14.8) | ** |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.0 (10.6) | 76.1 (10.8) | 71.4 (10.9) | 68.6 (10.3) | ** | |
Antihypertensive drug use (yes) | 117 (22.5) | 514 (10.3) | ** | 28 (12.1) | 107 (5.0) | ** |
Lipid-related items | ||||||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 212.0 (33.9) | 209.5 (33.1) | 215.6 (33.8) | 211.4 (36.8) | ||
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 61.0 (14.7) | 64.3 (16.0) | ** | 77.4 (17.4) | 80.0 (17.7) | * |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 127.8 (29.2) | 125.4 (28.9) | 124.5 (29.6) | 119.1 (31.9) | * | |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 158.7 (136.3) | 137.4 (100.1) | ** | 92.8 (46.8) | 84.0 (52.1) | * |
Antidyslipidemic drug use (yes) | 46 (8.8) | 231 (4.6) | ** | 21 (9.1) | 98 (4.6) | ** |
Diabetes-related items | ||||||
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.4 (0.8) | 5.1 (0.6) | ** | 5.1 (0.5) | 5.0 (0.4) | ** |
Antidiabetic drug use (yes) | 25 (4.8) | 124 (2.5) | ** | 3 (1.3) | 10 (0.5) | |
Healthy lifestyle characteristics | ||||||
Alcohol consumption (non-everyday drinker) | 358 (68.7) | 3438 (68.7) | 216 (93.1) | 1930 (90.5) | ||
Smoking behavior (non-current smoker) | 294 (57.1) | 3211 (65.9) | ** | 210 (92.5) | 1890 (91.0) | |
Exercise frequency (two times or more per week) | 452 (86.8) | 4323 (86.4) | 189 (81.5) | 1836 (86.1) | ||
Sleep hours (7–9) | 169 (32.9) | 1107 (22.8) | ** | 48 (21.1) | 552 (26.6) | |
Breakfast (every morning) | 441 (84.6) | 4048 (80.9) | * | 212 (91.4) | 1885 (88.4) | |
Snack between meals (no) | 404 (77.5) | 3954 (79.0) | 144 (62.1) | 1320 (61.9) | ||
Proportion of participants with 5 or 6 number of healthy lifestyle items | 194 (37.9) | 1790 (37.0) | 109 (48.7) | 1037 (50.3) | ||