Table 2 Visceral fat mass: specific characteristics
Visceral fat mass (kg) | Number (%) or Mean (Standard deviation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 ≤ 1.2 | 1.2 < Q2 ≤ 1.8 | 1.8 < Q3 ≤ 2.5 | 2.5 < Q4 | P a | |
(N = 84) | (N = 120) | (N = 125) | (N = 113) | ||
Age (years) | 56.0 (9.8) | 56.5 (7.8) | 56.3 (8.6) | 55.3 (9.1) | 0.51 |
Anthropometric measurements | |||||
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 20.7 (1.5) | 22.5 (1.8) | 24.7 (1.5) | 27.6 (2.3) | <0.01 |
Waist circumference (WC) (cm) | 76.1 (4.2) | 82.1 (4.3) | 88.0 (3.8) | 94.9 (6.1) | <0.01 |
Blood pressure-related factors | |||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.3 (19.0) | 130.4 (18.0) | 134.6 (16.4) | 137.2 (19.0) | <0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.3 (11.1) | 78.9 (12.8) | 82.2 (11.5) | 83.0 (11.9) | <0.01 |
Elevated blood pressure (Present) (%) | 25 (29.8) | 38 (31.7) | 55 (44.0) | 54 (47.8) | 0.01 |
Lipid-related items | |||||
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (mg/dL) | 67.8 (15.7) | 59.3 (14.3) | 56.7 (14.9) | 50.1 (10.6) | <0.01 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (mg/dL) | 111.9 (23.4) | 128.4 (27.6) | 125.9 (29.3) | 131.2 (28.1) | <0.01 |
Triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL) | 126.0 (111.8) | 133.1 (84.9) | 187.9 (158.2) | 179.4 (107.9) | <0.01 |
Dyslipidemia (Present) (%) | 26 (31.0) | 61 (50.8) | 82 (65.6) | 72 (63.7) | <0.01 |
Glucose-related items | |||||
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (%) | 5.43 (0.93) | 5.46 (0.48) | 5.84 (0.87) | 5.86 (1.09) | <0.01 |
Glucose tolerance impairment (Present) (%) | 9 (10.7) | 16 (13.3) | 38 (30.4) | 36 (31.9) | <0.01 |
Healthy lifestyle characteristics | |||||
Alcohol consumption (non-drinker or moderate consumption) | 68 (81.0) | 103 (85.8) | 99 (79.2) | 102 (90.3) | 0.10 |
Smoking behavior (non-current smoker) | 56 (66.7) | 83 (69.2) | 82 (65.6) | 66 (58.4) | 0.36 |
Exercise frequency (two or more times per week) | 34 (40.5) | 40 (33.3) | 32 (25.6) | 27 (23.9) | 0.04 |
Body mass index (18.5–24.9) | 74 (88.1) | 111 (92.5) | 77 (61.6) | 12 (10.6) | <0.01 |
Hours of sleep (6–9) | 61 (72.6) | 83 (69.2) | 97 (77.6) | 83 (73.5) | 0.52 |
Breakfast (every morning) | 78 (92.9) | 113 (94.2) | 112 (89.6) | 96 (85.0) | 0.09 |
Snacking between meals (none) | 77 (91.7) | 103 (85.8) | 110 (88.0) | 95 (84.1) | 0.43 |
Total number of healthy lifestyle items | 5.3 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.2) | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.3 (1.1) | <0.01 |