Table 1 Baseline participant characteristics (N = 422)

Age (years)

56.0 (8.8)

Anthropometric measurements

 Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²)

24.1 (3.1)

 Waist circumference (WC) (cm)

85.9 (8.1)

 Visceral fat mass (kg)

2.1 (1.0)

Blood pressure-related factors

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

133.3 (18.2)

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80.1 (12.0)

Lipid-related items

 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (mg/dL)

57.9 (15.1)

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (mg/dL)

125.3 (28.2)

 Triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL)

159.1 (122.6)

Glucose-related items

 Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (%)

5.67 (0.88)

Healthy lifestyle characteristics

 Alcohol consumption (non-drinker or moderate consumption)

372 (84.2)

 Smoking behavior (non-current smoker)

287 (64.9)

 Exercise frequency (two or more times per week)

133 (30.1)

 Body mass index (18.5–24.9)

274 (62.0)

 Hours of sleep (6–9)

324 (73.3)

 Breakfast (every morning)

399 (90.3)

 Snacking between meals (none)

385 (87.1)

 Total number of healthy lifestyle items

4.9 (1.3)