Skip to main content

Table 1 Effect of voluntary exercise on organ weight and biochemical parameters

From: Voluntary exercise under a food restriction condition decreases blood branched-chain amino acid levels, in addition to improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism, in db mice, animal model of type 2 diabetes

Fed condition

Physical condition

Group

ad-WT

PEx-WT

ad-db

PSe-db

PEx-db

ad libitum

sedentary

(N = 4)

Pair-fed

exercising

(N = 6)

ad libitum

sedentary

(N = 4)

Pair-fed

sedentary

(N = 6)

Pair-fed

exercising

(N = 6)

Organs

 Liver

g

1.06 ± 0.02c

0.98 ± 0.02b,c

2.92 ± 0.14

1.42 ± 0.06a,c

1.26 ± 0.03a,b,c

mg/g BW

46.7 ± 1.0c

48.1 ± 0.1c

67.7 ± 2.6

46.6 ± 2.2c

43.5 ± 0.9a,c

 WAT

g

0.29 ± 0.01c

0.19 ± 0.01b,c

2.03 ± 0.08

1.33 ± 0.06a,c

1.12 ± 0.06a,b,c

mg/g BW

12.9 ± 0.4c

9.0 ± 0.7b,c

47.0 ± 1.5

43.6 ± 1.3a

39.9 ± 1.2a,c

 Heart

mg

111 ± 2

109 ± 8

113 ± 1

95 ± 2a,c

93 ± 4c

mg/g BW

4.9 ± 0.1c

5.4 ± 0.4c

2.6 ± 0.1

3.1 ± 0.1a,c

3.2 ± 0.1a,c

 SM (soleus)

mg

7.1 ± 1.1

9.1 ± 0.6

8.6 ± 0.5

8.4 ± 0.5

10.1 ± 0.6b

mg/g BW

0.3 ± 0.1

0.5 ± 0.0b,c

0.2 ± 0.0

0.3 ± 0.0c

0.4 ± 0.0a,b,c

Plasma

 Glucose

mmol/L

10.4 ± 0.5c

8.8 ± 0.4b,c

34.0 ± 5.2

9.8 ± 1.0c

9.0 ± 0.8c

 FFA

mmol/L

0.4 ± 0.1

0.2 ± 0.0c

0.5 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.1a

 TG

mmol/L

0.6 ± 0.1c

0.6 ± 0.1c

1.0 ± 0.1

0.7 ± 0.1

0.6 ± 0.0c

 Total cholesterol

mmol/L

2.4 ± 0.1c

1.9 ± 0.2c

4.0 ± 0.2

2.7 ± 0.1a,c

2.3 ± 0.2c

 HDL-cholesterol

mmol/L

1.4 ± 0.1c

1.1 ± 0.0b,c

2.3 ± 0.1

1.4 ± 0.0c

1.3 ± 0.1c

 Insulin

pmol/L

167.0 ± 58.9c

129.1 ± 16.0c

1485.8 ± 365.0

1698.1 ± 282.9a

438.0 ± 62.7a,b,c

 Leptin

µg/L

6.8 ± 0.5c

7.4 ± 0.7c

95.8 ± 6.2

90.6 ± 2.2a

75.5 ± 4.5a,b,c

 Adiponectin

µg/mL

12.2 ± 0.6

15.2 ± 0.9b

13.2 ± 0.4

13.3 ± 1.0

16.3 ± 0.3b,c

 Corticosterone

nmol/L

847.1 ± 129.2

763.4 ± 44.8c

1095.7 ± 104.1

1174.2 ± 42.8a,c

930.5 ± 63.2b

Blood

 HbA1c

 %

3.4 ± 0.1c

3.4 ± 0.1c

4.9 ± 0.2

3.3 ± 0.0c

3.1 ± 0.1a,b,c

(mmol/mol)

(13.1 ± 1.3)

(13.7 ± 0.7)

(29.5 ± 1.6)

(12.8 ± 0.3)

(10.4 ± 0.8)

Liver

 TG

mg/g

3.7 ± 0.4c

3.1 ± 0.7c

43.7 ± 1.5

14.2 ± 1.9a,c

9.9 ± 0.8a,c

 

mg/liver

3.9 ± 0.4c

3.0 ± 0.7c

128.1 ± 9.8

20.3 ± 2.9a,c

12.6 ± 1.2a,b,c

 Cholesterol

mg/g

1.4 ± 0.1c

1.2 ± 0.1c

2.9 ± 0.3

1.6 ± 0.1c

1.7 ± 0.1a,c

 

mg/liver

1.5 ± 0.1c

1.1 ± 0.1b,c

8.6 ± 1.0

2.3 ± 0.2a,c

2.1 ± 0.1a,c

  1. Values are the mean ± SE
  2. Values were analyzed by Student’s t test
  3. ad ad libitum-fed and sedentary, PSe pair-fed and sedentary, PEx pair-fed and exercising, Pair-fed condition food amount consumed by ad-WT mice was supplied, BW Body weight, WAT white adipose tissue, FFA free fatty acids, TG triglyceride
  4. a P < 0.05 vs. WT mice in each physical condition
  5. b P < 0.05 vs. ad-WT or PSe-db mice
  6. c P < 0.05 vs. ad-db mice