Association between maternal antenatal depression and infant development: a hospital-based prospective cohort study

Table 6 Linear regression analyses for infant psychomotor development (BSID-II, PDI) in relation to maternal antenatal depression (EPDS) and confounding variables

Antenatal EPDS	Crude^a adjusted R ² = −0.01, F = 0.01, p = 0.927			Model 1^b adjusted R ² = 0.09, F = 2.93, p = 0.005			Model 2^c adjusted R ² = 0.13, F = 3.34, p = 0.001			Model 3^d adjusted R ² = 0.14, F = 3.09, p = 0.001
Antenatal EPDS	β	95 % CI	p	β	95 % CI	p	β	95 % CI	p	β	95 % CI	p
Antenatal EPDS	−0.01	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.927	0.03	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.709	0.05	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.533	0.04	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.659
Infant factors
Sex				−0.09	[−0.03, 0.01]	0.284	−0.10	[−0.03, 0.00]	0.219	−0.10	[−0.03, 0.01]	0.217
IUGR				−0.02	[−0.04, 0.03]	0.769	0.01	[−0.03, 0.01]	0.924	−0.00	[−0.03, 0.03]	0.957
Gestational age				0.28	[0.00, 0.00]	0.003	0.25	[0.00, 0.03]	0.006	0.23	[0.00, 0.00]	0.012
Birth weight				0.01	[0.00, 0.00]	0.928	0.04	[0.00, 0.00]	0.752	0.03	[0.00, 0.00]	0.832
Length				0.03	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.795	0.06	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.609	0.07	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.557
Head circumference				−0.04	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.695	−0.09	[−0.01, 0.00]	0.385	−0.07	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.477
Age at 6-month assessment				0.25	[0.00, 0.00]	0.002	0.24	[0.00, 0.00]	0.003	0.24	[0.00, 0.00]	0.002
Childcare factor
Avoidance of restriction and punishment							0.20	[0.01, 0.07]	0.010	0.23	[0.02, 0.08]	0.004
Maternal factor
Caffeine intake during pregnancy							−0.09	[0.00, 0.00]	0.254	−0.09	[0.00, 0.00]	0.262
Paternal factors
Age										−0.14	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.082
Education level										−0.03	[−0.20, 0.01]	0.662

^a n = 154 in linear regression analyses
^bModel 1: Adjusted for infant factors (sex, IUGR, gestational age, birth weight, length, head circumference and age at 6-month assessment)
^cModel 2: Adjusted as in Model 1 as well as for childcare factor (avoidance of restriction and punishment) and maternal factor (caffeine intake during pregnancy)
^dModel 3: Adjusted as in Model 2 as well as for paternal factors (age and education level)

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