Association between maternal antenatal depression and infant development: a hospital-based prospective cohort study

Table 5 Linear regression analyses for mental development (BSID-II, MDI) in relation to maternal antenatal depression (EPDS) and confounding variables

Antenatal EPDS	Crude^a adjusted R ² = 0.007 F = 2.07, p = 0.153			Model 1^b adjusted R ² = 0.087, F = 2.81, p = 0.006			Model 2^c adjusted R ² = 0.080, F = 2.34, p = 0.014			Model 3^d, adjusted R ² = 0.069, F = 1.94, p = 0.034
Antenatal EPDS	β	95 % CI	p	β	95 % CI	p	β	95 % CI	p	β	95 % CI	p
Antenatal EPDS	−0.00	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.153	−0.05	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.500	−0.05	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.552	−0.05	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.585
Infant factors
Sex				−0.14	[−0.02, 0.00]	0.107	−0.14	[−0.02, 0.00]	0.105	−0.14	[−0.02, 0.00]	0.105
IUGR				0.19	[0.00, 0.04]	0.020	0.21	[−0.00, 0.04]	0.015	0.21	[0.00, 0.04]	0.017
Gestational age				0.23	[0.00, 0.00]	0.013	0.22	[0.00, 0.00]	0.019	0.23	[0.00, 0.00]	0.018
Birth weight				0.04	[0.00, 0.00]	0.790	0.05	[0.00, 0.00]	0.725	0.05	[0.00, 0.00]	0.730
Length				0.01	[0.00, 0.00]	0.928	0.02	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.864	0.02	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.878
Head circumference				0.08	[0.00, 0.01]	0.408	0.07	[−0.00, 0.01]	0.505	0.07	[−0.00, 0.01]	0.522
Age at 6-month assessment				0.09	[0.00, 0.00]	0.233	0.09	[0.00, 0.00]	0.252	1.00	[0.00, 0.00]	0.230
Childcare factor
Avoidance of restriction and punishment							0.08	[−0.01, 0.03]	0.349	0.07	[−0.01, 0.03]	0.384
Maternal factor
Caffeine intake during pregnancy							−0.20	[0.00, 0.00]	0.841	−0.02	[0.00, 0.00]	0.849
Paternal factors
Age										0.00	[−0.00, 0.00]	0.980
Education level										0.04	[−0.01, 0.01]	0.627

CI confidence interval, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, IUGR intrauterine growth restriction, PDI Psychomotor Development Index
^a n = 154 in linear regression analyses
^bModel 1: Adjusted for infant factors (sex, IUGR, gestational age, birth weight, length, head circumference and age at 6-month assessment)
^cModel 2: Adjusted as in Model 1 as well as for childcare factor (avoidance of restriction and punishment) and maternal factor (caffeine intake during pregnancy)
^dModel 3: Adjusted as in Model 2 as well as for paternal factors (age and education level)

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