Association between maternal antenatal depression and infant development: a hospital-based prospective cohort study

Otake, Yuko; Nakajima, Sonomi; Uno, Akiko; Kato, Shizue; Sasaki, Seiko; Yoshioka, Eiji; Ikeno, Tamiko; Kishi, Reiko

doi:10.1007/s12199-013-0353-7

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 3 Maternal antenatal depression (EPDS) and infant development (BSID-II, MDI and PDI) in relation to potential confounding variables

From: Association between maternal antenatal depression and infant development: a hospital-based prospective cohort study

	n	Antenatal EPDS^a		MDI^b		PDI^b
	n	Mean ± SD	p	Mean ± SD	p	Mean ± SD	p
Maternal characteristics
Age (years)^c		r = −0.11	0.184	r = 0.01	0.867	r = 0.01	0.865
Education level (years)^d
≤12	55	3.07 ± 3.70	0.055	91.39 ± 4.96	0.147	90.80 ± 10.95	0.492
≥13	87	2.02 ± 2.67		90.95 ± 5.98		89.73 ± 10.41
Household income (yen/year)^e
<3,000,000	26	3.85 ± 3.87	0.076	89.38 ± 5.25	0.415	89.15 ± 11.18	0.807
3,000,000–5,000,000	68	2.18 ± 2.68		91.69 ± 5.25		90.76 ± 10.27
5,000,000–7,000,000	40	1.78 ± 2.57		90.10 ± 5.12		90.05 ± 11.19
>7,000,000	20	2.42 ± 3.14		91.45 ± 7.16		89.45 ± 10.42
Worked during pregnancy^d
No	131	2.58 ± 3.32	0.342	90.63 ± 5.37	0.301	90.16 ± 10.41	0.754
Yes	23	1.52 ± 1.59		92.13 ± 6.81		90.00 ± 11.89
Smoked during pregnancy^d
No	132	2.34 ± 2.97	0.913	90.83 ± 5.64	0.856	90.33 ± 10.55	0.619
Yes	22	2.91 ± 4.05		90.05 ± 5.59		89.00 ± 11.09
Caffeine intake during pregnancy (mg/day)^c		r = 0.18	0.827	r = −0.04	0.662	r = −0.16	0.043
Alcohol intake during pregnancy (g/day)^c		r = 0.11	0.160	r = −0.07	0.383	r = −0.04	0.671
Stressful life events before pregnancy^d
No	94	2.27 ± 3.14	0.220	91.14 ± 5.22	0.450	89.34 ± 11.47	0.162
Yes	60	2.67 ± 3.16		90.42 ± 6.19		90.38 ± 9.03
Self-reported psychological status
Past depressive symptoms^d
No	136	1.96 ± 2.58	<0.001	90.75 ± 5.73	0.337	90.17 ± 10.68	0.861
Yes	18	5.94 ± 4.56		91.67 ± 4.67		89.89 ± 10.31
Worrying^d
No	84	1.29 ± 1.74	<0.001	91.21 ± 5.67	0.383	89.37 ± 10.13	0.387
Yes	70	3.79 ± 3.84		90.43 ± 5.56		91.06 ± 11.15
Obsessiveness^d
No	109	1.76 ± 2.29	0.001	90.66 ± 5.85	0.686	89.84 ± 10.49	0.556
Yes	45	4.02 ± 4.21		91.33 ± 5.03		90.84 ± 10.94
Readiness for pregnancy
Planned pregnancy^d
No	77	2.66 ± 3.44	0.677	90.92 ± 6.28	0.880	90.12 ± 11.52	0.912
Yes	77	2.18 ± 2.81		90.79 ± 4.90		90.16 ± 9.68
Wanted pregnancy^d
No	23	3.39 ± 4.20	0.238	91.65 ± 6.78	0.945	91.22 ± 10.04	0.548
Yes	131	2.25 ± 2.90		90.72 ± 5.40		89.95 ± 10.72
Worked at 6 months^d
No	137	2.48 ± 3.27	0.988	90.92 ± 5.62	0.772	89.92 ± 10.52	0.504
Yes	17	1.94 ± 1.89		90.35 ± 5.71		91.88 ± 11.43
Paternal characteristics
Age (years)^c		r = −0.14	0.088	r = −0.02	0.845	r = −0.09	0.273
Education level (years)^d
≤12	57	2.79 ± 2.21	0.096	90.65 ± 5.74	0.891	91.19 ± 9.62	0.167
≥13	97	2.21 ± 3.15		90.98 ± 5.56		89.52 ± 11.14
Infant characteristics
Sex^d
Male	78	2.31 ± 2.82	0.617	91.72 ± 5.71	0.067	90.81 ± 10.03	0.337
Female	76	2.54 ± 3.45		89.97 ± 5.61		89.45 ± 11.12
Parity^d
0	71	2.61 ± 3.49	0.963	91.17 ± 5.62	0.725	89.82 ± 10.99	0.553
≥1	83	2.27 ± 2.82		90.59 ± 5.63		90.41 ± 10.31
Preterm birth
No	149	2.37 ± 3.06	0.725	90.87 ± 5.67	0.992	90.09 ± 10.49	0.890
Yes	5	4.00 ± 5.15		90.40 ± 3.85		91.40 ± 15.13
SGA^d
No	151	2.43 ± 3.16	0.957	90.88 ± 5.66	0.659	90.18 ± 10.70	0.803
Yes	3	2.00 ± 2.65		89.67 ± 2.08		88.00 ± 3.00
LBW^d
No	151	2.38 ± 3.13	0.165	90.83 ± 5.63	0.757	90.24 ± 10.61	0.351
Yes	3	4.33 ± 3.51		92.00 ± 5.29		85.00 ± 10.39
IUGR^d
No	142	2.45 ± 1.42	0.859	90.62 ± 5.55	0.059	90.32 ± 10.84	0.477
Yes	12	2.08 ± 2.28		93.67 ± 5.77		88.00 ± 7.12
Gestational age (days)^c		r = 0.22	0.006	r = 0.19	0.019	r = 0.24	0.002
Birth weight (g)^c		r = 0.06	0.479	r = 0.15	0.068	r = 0.14	0.079
Length (cm)^c		r = 0.15	0.065	r = 0.15	0.067	r = 0.14	0.079
Head circumference (cm)^c		r = 0.14	0.094	r = 0.13	0.097	r = 0.07	0.365
Chest circumference (cm)^c		r = 0.07	0.391	r = 0.13	0.113	r = 0.09	0.294
Age at 6-month assessment (days)^c		r = 0.07	0.385	r = 0.09	0.275	r = 0.16	0.046
Childcare environment
EES subscores at 6 months
Human involvement^c		r = 0.20	0.018	r = 0.04	0.610	r = −0.04	0.958
Responsiveness^c		r = 0.05	0.530	r = 0.10	0.200	r = 0.03	0.705
Avoidance of restriction and punishment^c		r = −0.56	0.491	r = 0.93	0.252	r = 0.18	0.025
Physical involvement^c		r = −0.11	0.165	r = −0.04	0.667	r = −0.09	0.251
Social involvement^c		r = 0.20	0.018	r = −0.03	0.740	r = −0.13	0.120
Organisation of environment^c		r = 0.10	0.242	r = −0.07	0.378	r = −0.02	0.821
Social support^c		r = −0.21	0.011	r = −0.06	0.474	r = 0.03	0.694

Potential confounding variables including characteristics of mothers, fathers, infants, and childcare environments
EES evaluation of environmental stimulation, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, IUGR intrauterine growth restriction, LBW low birth weight, MDI mental development index, PDI psychomotor development index, SGR small for gestational age
^aMaternal antenatal depression between the second and the third trimesters (23–35 gestational weeks)
^bInfant mental and psychomotor development at 6 months (from 5 months and 16 days to 6 months and 15 days after birth); Statistical analyses
^cSpearman correlation
^dMann–Whitney U test
^eKruskal–Wallis test

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