C-reactive protein levels, airflow obstruction, and chronic kidney disease

Table 2 Characteristics of the subjects by lung function status

Characteristics	Normal lung function (n = 10,669)	Airflow obstruction		p
Characteristics	Normal lung function (n = 10,669)	GOLD stage I (n = 452)	GOLD stage II–IV (n = 466)	p
Age (years)	54.1 ± 8.9	61.2 ± 9.8	60.8 ± 9.6*	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	23.8 ± 2.9	22.9 ± 2.5	23.2 ± 2.9*	<0.001
FEV₁ % predicted	95.6 ± 9.6	89.2 ± 7.7	66.7 ± 11.2*,^#	<0.001
FEV₁/FVC (%)	79.7 ± 4.8	66.2 ± 2.9	62.2 ± 6.9*,^#	<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.88 ± 0.31	0.87 ± 0.21	0.85 ± 0.14	0.17
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	74.4 ± 12.9	72.8 ± 14.1	74.0 ± 13.9	<0.05
CRP (mg/L)	0.11 ± 0.36	0.13 ± 0.41	0.18 ± 0.41*	<0.05
Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia (%)	32.5	28.5	35.0	0.10
Hypertension (%)	30.7	32.3	39.9*,^#	<0.001
Diabetes (%)	9.9	7.5	12.7^#	0.32
Medication
Treatment for cholesterolemia (%)	8.0	8.0	13.1*,^#	<0.001
Treatment for hypertension (%)	18.8	19.0	29.2*,^#	<0.001
Treatment for diabetes (%)	5.1	3.8	7.7*,^#	<0.05
Chronic kidney disease (%)	10.2	14.4	14.8	<0.001
Smoking history (%)				<0.001
Never smokers	32.9	25.2	14.6
Former smokers	37.9	40.3	38.4
Current smokers	29.3	34.5*	47.0*
Pack-years^a	17.5 ± 18.9	26.0 ± 23.9	37.5 ± 27.5*,^#	<0.001
Alcohol intake (%)				<0.05
Non-drinkers	23.5	23.9	30.9
1–2 days/week	13.6	8.6	9.4
3–4 days/week	11.5	8.2	6.9
5–6 days/week	12.9	12.6	12.2
Everyday drinkers	38.4	46.7*	40.6
Regular physical activity^a (%)	35.2	45.6*	39.5^#	<0.001

*p < 0.05 compared with normal lung function; ^# p < 0.05 compared with GOLD stage I
Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey test or Kruskal–Wallis test and post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment. Values are presented as the mean and, where appropriate, ± SD
GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines [2]
^aPack-years and Regular physical activity are as defined in the footnote to Table 1

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