Table 4 Airborne concentrations (μg/m3) of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in kitchens and the outdoors
Class | Compounds | DL | Concentration (μg/m3)a | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Summer | |||||||||
Kitchen | Outdoor | Kitchen | Outdoor | |||||||
Urbanb (n = 32) | Ruralb (n = 49) | Urban (n = 6) | Rural (n = 10) | Urban (n = 32) | Rural (n = 49) | Urban (n = 6) | Rural (n = 8) | |||
Alkanes | Hexane | 3.2 | 9.3 (2.3)#,* | <DL* | 22.4 (1.8)# | <DL* | 5.3 (2.2)# | 12.4 (2.3) | 6.7 (3.0) | 16.1 (1.7) |
Aromatics | Benzene | 7.6 | 54.8 (2.4)#,* | 13.3 (2.8)* | 85.7 (1.5)#,* | 8.4 (2.9) | 33.2 (2.9) | 23.9 (4.2) | 20.8 (2.7)# | 4.2 (1.3) |
Toluene | 1.6 | 50.7 (3.3)# | 6.6 (2.0) | 105.3 (1.4)#,* | 5.2 (2.4)* | 32.1 (2.9)# | 7.8 (3.9) | 15.7 (2.5)# | 1.1 (1.6) | |
Xylene | 3.3 | 23.2 (2.2)#,* | 2.9 (2.2) | 35.9 (1.2)#,* | 2.8 (3.0) | 10.9 (3.2)# | 3.3 (2.4) | 5.1 (2.0)# | < DL | |
Chlorinated | Trichloroethylene | 5.3 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | 3.4 (2.1) | <DL | <DL | <DL |
Hydrocarbons | Tetrachloroethylene | 1.4 | 3.8 (1.9)#,* | <DL | 6.5 (1.4)#,* | <DL | 1.1 (3.0)# | <DL | 0.8 (1.5) | <DL |
Chloroform | 4.7 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | |
1,1,1-Trichloroethane | 5.7 | 3.0 (1.3) | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | |
1,2-Dichloroethane | 2.3 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | |
Carbon tetrachloride | 2.7 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | |
p-Dichlorobenzene | 2.2 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | |
Esters | Butyl acetate | 2.9 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | 1.7 (2.0) | 1.6 (1.2) | <DL | <DL |
Alcohols | Butyl alcohol | 9.3 | <DL | <DL* | <DL | <DL | <DL# | 5.1 (1.3) | <DL | <DL |
Ketones | Methyl ethyl ketone | 8.1 | 7.7 (2.0)# | 4.3 (1.4) | 10.7 (2.3)#,* | 4.8 (1.7) | 5.9 (1.9) | 4.7 (1.5) | <DL | <DL |
Aldehydes | Formaldehyde | 28.2 (2.2) | 13.9 (4.4) | 61.1 (1.7)#,* | 4.1 (1.2) | 19.4 (2.3) | 7.1 (10.8) | 10.9 (2.6)# | 0.3 (5.6) | |
NO2 | 80.2 (2.0)* | 60.7 (2.5) | 132.4 (1.3)#,* | 28.5 (1.3)* | 46.3 (1.8) | 55.2 (3.6) | 49.0 (1.7)# | 6.6 (1.8) | ||