Relationship between environmental exposure to cadmium and bone metabolism in a non-polluted area of Japan

Table 2 Characteristics of participants (N = 389)

	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum
Age (years)	54.6 (AM)	9.1	39	77
Height (cm)	153.4 (AM)	6.3	124.0	168.0
Weight (kg)	53.2 (AM)	7.3	34.0	80.8
Body mass index (BMI)	22.6 (AM)	2.8	17.0	35.0
Cd-B (μg/l)	1.57 (GM)	2.11	0.50	10.00
Cd-U (μg/g cr.)	1.93 (GM)	2.05	0.29	11.83
Cd intake from rice (μg/day)	9.12 (GM)	2.33	0.04	51.27
Cd-R (μg/kg)	70.83 (AM)	44.68	0.21	256.39
β₂-MG-U (μg/g cr.)	105.37 (GM)	2.10	3.90	1096.00
NAG-U (U/g cr.)	4.68 (GM)	1.58	1.43	23.18
NTx-U (nmol BCE/mmol cr.)	37.55 (GM)	1.55	11.25	155.19
FDPD-U (nmol/mmol cr.)	5.61 (GM)	1.45	0.11	21.90
BAP-S (U/l)	22.81 (GM)	1.47	8.60	62.99
OSI (m²/s)	2.57 (AM)	0.32	1.92	3.67
TI (μs)	1.07 (AM)	0.10	0.84	1.38
SOS (m/s)	1549.60 (AM)	25.40	1477.00	1634.00

AM arithmetic mean with arithmetic standard deviation, GM geometric mean with geometric standard deviation, SD standard deviation, OSI osteo sono-assessment index (m²/s), Cd-B Cd concentration in blood (μg/l), Cd-U Cd concentration in urine (μg/g creatinine [cr.]), Cd-R cadmium concentration in rice, β₂-MG-U β₂-microglobulin in urine (μg/g cr.), NAG-UN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in urine (U/g cr.), FDPD-U free deoxypyridinoline in urine (nmol/mmol cr.), BAP-S bone-alkaline phosphatase in serum (U/l), NTx-U cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen in urine (nmol BCE/mmol cr.), BCE Bone Collagen Equivalents, TI transmission index (the full width at half maximum of the first ultrasonic wave detected through the calcaneus), SOS speed of sound

ISSN: 1347-4715