No association between the frequency of forest walking and blood pressure levels or the prevalence of hypertension in a cross-sectional study of a Japanese population

Table 4 Blood pressure levels by frequency of forest walking

Frequency of forest walking	Once a week or more		Two or three times per month		Once a month		Less than once a month		Trend p ^†	Adjusted^a p ^‡	Adjusted^b p ^‡
Frequency of forest walking	n	Mean ± SD	n	Mean ± SD	n	Mean ± SD	n	Mean ± SD
Systolic blood pressure
Men
Medication for hypertension
−	139	122.5 ± 16.5	165	122.9 ± 16.0	220	121.0 ± 14.5	2211	118.4 ± 14.5	<0.001	0.03	0.69
+	25	133.3 ± 12.0	45	129.3 ± 13.6	50	134.7 ± 12.7	319	131.2 ± 13.1	0.72	0.19	0.50
Women
Medication for hypertension
−	60	117.3 ± 14.8	55	114.6 ± 13.1	111	112.3 ± 15.6	1121	112.0 ± 14.7	0.005	0.28	0.17
+	11	136.5 ± 18.0	9	132.2 ± 17.8	13	130.6 ± 16.0	112	131.2 ± 14.2	0.32	0.73	0.78
Diastolic blood pressure
Men
Medication for hypertension
−	139	75.8 ± 10.2	165	76.9 ± 10.7	220	75.4 ± 10.5	2211	75.3 ± 10.3	0.13	0.65	0.62
+	25	78.7 ± 8.8	45	80.0 ± 8.0	50	82.4 ± 7.2	319	82.1 ± 9.7	0.04	0.75	0.49
Women
Medication for hypertension
−	60	72.3 ± 8.2	55	70.0 ± 10.2	111	68.2 ± 9.6	1121	68.6 ± 9.8	0.008	0.10	0.36
+	11	81.8 ± 15.8	9	78.9 ± 9.5	13	80.5 ± 11.9	112	78.9 ± 9.7	0.42	0.65	0.87

^†Linear regression model; ^‡General linear model
^aAdjusted by age(continuous variable)
^bAdjusted by age(continuous valuable), body mass index (BMI) (≥25.0/<25.0), smoking status (current smokers/other responses), alcohol consumption (once a week or more/other responses), and habitual exercise (leisure time activity: once a week for at least 30 min or more/other responses)

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