Table 2 Chronic inflammatory diseases prone to carcinogenesis (adapted and modified from Coussens and Werb [2])

Asbestosis, silicosis

Mesothelioma, lung carcinoma

Asbestos fibers

Silica particles

Bronchitis

Lung carcinoma

Silica, asbestos, smoking (nitrosamines, peroxides)

Cystitis, bladder inflammation

Bladder carcinoma

Chronic indwelling

Urinary catheters

Gingivitis, lichen planus

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

Inflammatory bowel disease

 Crohn’s disease

 Chronic ulcerative colitis

Colorectal carcinoma

Lichen sclerosus

Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma

Chronic pancreatitis

Hereditary pancreatitis

Pancreatic carcinoma

Alcoholism, mutation in trypsinogen gene on chromosome 7

Reflux esophagitis

Barrett’s esophagus

Esophageal carcinoma

Gastric acids

Sialadenitis

Salivary gland carcinoma

Sjogren syndrome

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

MALT lymphoma

Skin inflammation

Melanoma

Ultraviolet light