Common risk factors for changes in body weight and psychological well-being in Japanese male middle-aged workers

Table 4 Comparison of life-style factors, including dietary intake at baseline, between workers over 40 years old for whom psychological well-being became worse (an increase in GHQ-12) and those for whom it did not after five-year follow-up

GHQ group	Number of workers	Value (mean ± SD)				Absolute value of the “overintake/underintake fraction” (mean ± SD)
GHQ group	Number of workers	Exercise (score)^a	Alcohol (score)	Smoking (score)	BMI (score)	Breakfast (%)	Lunch (%)	Supper (%)	Daily (%)
Not worse	73	1.18 ± 0.385	1.19 ± 0.396	1.30 ± 0.462	23.4 ± 2.92	25.3 ± 2.36	15.7 ± 4.00	57.9 ± 7.11	21.9 ± 2.54
Worse	37	1.51 ± 0.507**	1.14 ± 0.347	1.62 ± 0.492**	23.0 ± 2.49	25.6 ± 2.10	14.1 ± 4.07	64.1 ± 6.02***	20.9 ± 4.24

Statistical analysis of differences was performed by use of Student’s t test. Statistically significant difference compared with the value for workers who did not increase weight (BMI), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
^aThe responses to the physical exercise frequency were classified as never (less than one day, 2 points), a few days (2–3 days, 1 point), and always (more than four days, 1 point) per week

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