Table 1 Mean (±SD) and prevalence of characteristics for subjects with normal bone stiffness (OSI ≥ 2.428) and low bone stiffness (OSI < 2.428) among 305 middle-aged women in Tadami Town, Fukushima, Japan, 2007

Osteosonic index (10⁶, mean ± SD)

2.666 ± 0.196

2.252 ± 0.133

2.476 ± 0.267

–

Age (years, mean ± SD)

52.7 ± 6.6

58.2 ± 5.1

55.2 ± 6.6

<0.001^c

Body mass index (kg/m², mean ± SD)

23.3 ± 3.5

22.7 ± 3.3

23.0 ± 3.5

0.172^c

Frequently selected, health-promoting components of lifestyle^a

 Health responsibility (%)

16.3

18.0

17.0

0.760^d

 Spiritual growth (%)

31.9

25.9

29.2

0.258^d

 Physical activity (%)

4.8

5.0

4.9

1.000^d

 Interpersonal relationships (%)

77.1

57.6

68.2

<0.001^d

 Nutrition (%)

64.5

60.4

62.6

0.478^d

 Stress management (%)

43.4

38.1

41.0

0.413^d

Habits

 Current smoker (%)

6.6

9.4

7.9

0.401^d

 Current drinker (%)

34.3

30.9

32.8

0.543^d

Disease status^b

 Hypertension (%)

11.4

18.0

14.4

0.140^d

 Dyslipidemia (%)

10.2

12.2

11.1

0.590^d

 Diabetes mellitus (%)

3.6

2.9

3.3

0.760^d