Paradoxical increases in serum levels of highly chlorinated PCBs in aged women in clear contrast to robust decreases in dietary intakes from 1980 to 2003 in Japan

Koizumi, Akio; Harada, Kouji H.; Eslami, Bita; Fujimine, Yoshinori; Hachiya, Noriyuki; Hirosawa, Iwao; Inoue, Kayoko; Inoue, Sumiko; Koda, Shigeki; Kusaka, Yukinori; Murata, Katsuyuki; Omae, Kazuyuki; Saito, Norimitsu; Shimbo, Shinichiro; Takenaka, Katsunobu; Takeshita, Tatsuya; Todoriki, Hidemi; Wada, Yasuhiko; Watanabe, Takao; Ikeda, Masayuki

doi:10.1007/s12199-009-0089-6

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

Table 2 Intake of PCBs in diet per day

From: Paradoxical increases in serum levels of highly chlorinated PCBs in aged women in clear contrast to robust decreases in dietary intakes from 1980 to 2003 in Japan

Survey year	1980				1995				2003	Total
No.	40	(17)	(13)	(10)	40	(2)^a	(17)	(21)	80	160
Age group (years)		(<40)	(40–50)	(>50)		(<40)	(40–50)	(>50)
Total PCBs (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	523 (2.5)*	467 (2.7)	703 (2.3)	431 (2.4)	166 (3.3)*	138 (13.3)	215 (2.4)	137 (3.8)	63 (3.2)*	137 (4.1)
Range	105–3412	112–3412	227–3206	105–1707	5.7–1548	22–863	32–1548	5.7–1026	5.5–1102	5.5–3412
Q1	283	219	344	255	85	–	158	55	30	41
Q2	510	503	603	468	196	–	215	154	52	139
Q3	925	865	1205	737	408	–	368	432	129	450
CB-74 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	19 (2.6)*	16 (2.6)	29 (2.4)	14 (2.4)	6.4 (2.6)*	6.3 (7.7)	8.0 (1.8)	5.9 (3.1)	2.6 (3.1)*	5.4 (3.8)
Range	3.1–165	3.1–79	9.4–165	4.2–54	1.0–43	1.5–27	2.4–19	1.1–43	0.1–38	0.1–165
Q1	10.1	8.1	13	5.7	3.5	–	5.0	2.5	1.4	2.2
Q2	20	16	28	17	7.3	–	7.6	6.6	2.6	5.0
Q3	32	32	40	31	13	–	13	14	4.7	14
CB-99 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	35 (2.5)*	30 (2.5)	53 (2.3)	28 (2.5)	15 (2.5)*	–	16 (2.0)	13 (2.8)	5.6 (3.4)*	11 (3.8)
Range	7.0–263	7.0–134	18–263	8.3–118	ND–66	ND–66	3.3–59	ND–61	ND–116	ND–263
Q1	19	13	23	11	6.5	–	10.5	4.1	2.8	4.2
Q2	39	36	53	34	17	–	18	15	5.2	11
Q3	68	59	84	52	26	–	26	26	10.8	29
CB-118 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	66 (2.7)*	55 (2.9)	96 (2.3)	56 (2.6)	21 (3.4)*	19 (16.6)	29 (2.3)	16 (3.7)	8.3 (3.4)*	18 (4.2)
Range	8.4–438	8.4–354	37–438	123–256	0.7–139	2.6–139	3.5–139	0.7–114	0.5–160	0.5–438
Q1	37	22	42	28	9.7	–	20	5.2	4.2	5.6
Q2	74	76	94	63	29	–	32	20	7.0	16
Q3	125	106	164	106	47	–	47	47	16	57
CB-138 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	78 (2.5)*	68 (2.7)	106 (2.3)	65 (2.4)	25 (3.5)*	23 (12.8)	34 (2.5)	19 (4.1)	9.4 (3.2)*	20 (4.2)
Range	13–461	13–461	34–435	15–273	0.6–255	3.7–137	4.9–255	0.6–175	1.1–143	0.6–461
Q1	44	32	53	35	12	–	24	9	4.2	5.9
Q2	80	82	92	69	30	–	33	23	7.3	21
Q3	152	128	201	111	69	–	57	67	20	69
CB-146 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	20 (2.6)*	17 (2.8)	28 (2.3)	17 (2.6)	6.4 (3.9)*	5 (20.1)	8 (3.1)	4.9 (4.2)	2.2 (4.4)*	5.0 (5.0)
Range	2.9–147	4.0–137	9.0–147	2.9–65	0.4–81	0.6–41	0.8–81	0.4–55	ND–61	ND–147
Q1	9.8	8.1	14	9.3	2.9	–	5.6	2.0	1.0	1.5
Q2	21	15	27	21	8.1	–	8.3	5.7	1.7	5.2
Q3	35	32	46	30	18	–	18	18	5.0	19
CB-153 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	135 (2.6)*	121 (2.8)	182 (2.3)	110 (2.4)	44 (3.5)*	36 (13.9)	57 (2.6)	37 (3.9)	16 (3.4)*	35 (4.3)
Range	23–944	23–944	58–836	26–443	2.0–468	5.7–235	7.6–468	2.0–296	0.6–297	0.6–944
Q1	73	58	89	66	20	–	42	16	6.8	10.1
Q2	127	124	154	120	51	–	56	43	13	35
Q3	244	238	330	189	114	–	106	113	33	115
CB-156 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	10 (2.4)*	9 (2.6)	13 (2.4)	8 (2.3)	3.9 (2.4)*	3.8 (8.3)	4.1 (2.1)	2.9 (2.5)	0.8 (5.9)*	2.3 (5.8)
Range	1.8–70	1.8–70	3.2–52	2.4–34	ND–19	1.1–19	0.8–18	ND–13	ND–16	ND–70
Q1	5.9	4.3	6.9	4.8	1.8	–	3.4	1.4	0.7	1.0
Q2	10.1	10.0	11	9.1	4.2	–	4.6	2.4	1.1	2.5
Q3	17	16	24	13	7.8	–	6.8	7.9	2.1	7.7
CB-163 & 164 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	31 (2.7)*	29 (2.8)	42 (2.5)	24 (2.8)	10.3 (3.4)*	9.1 (11.0)	12 (2.9)	9.0 (3.7)	3.2 (4.1)*	7.5 (4.9)
Range	4.7–222	7.8–195	12–222	4.7–102	ND–117	1.7–51	1.2–117	ND–86	0.1–74	ND–222
Q1	14	13	20	9.1	3.9	–	7.8	3.2	1.2	2.0
Q2	31	29	34	28	12	–	13	8.8	2.7	7.8
Q3	61	57	80	49	27	–	25	27	7.0	28
CB-170 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	17 (2.4)*	16 (2.6)	21 (2.4)	15 (2.2)	6.4 (2.6)*	–	7.2 (2.4)	6.1 (2.8)	1.6 (5.1)*	4.1 (5.3)
Range	4.3–148	4.4–148	5.1–89	4.3–50	ND–53	ND–24	1.4–53	ND–33	ND–25	ND–148
Q1	9.0	7.7	12	8.3	2.8	–	4.5	2.3	1.1	1.4
Q2	18	18	21	18	6.1	–	6.4	4.6	1.7	4.7
Q3	30	26	37	26	12	–	10.8	14	3.8	13
CB-180 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	60 (2.4)*	57 (2.6)	73 (2.3)	52 (2.3)	16 (3.1)*	15 (9.1)	21 (2.5)	13 (3.5)	5.8 (3.1)*	13 (4.2)
Range	14–554	16–554	22–306	14–182	1.0–175	3.2–72	3.3–175	1.0–90	0.7–89	0.7–554
Q1	32	30	38	28	7.8	–	14	5.4	2.7	3.9
Q2	60	57	75	66	18	–	22	13	4.9	14
Q3	114	91	130	88	37	–	33	44	11	43
CB-182 & 187 (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	42 (2.7)*	39 (2.9)	53 (2.4)	34 (2.6)	13 (3.3)*	11 (9.4)	15 (3.1)	12 (3.4)	5.1 (4.0)*	11 (4.5)
Range	5.7–369	10.9–369	14–268	5.7–130	ND–165	2.2–52	1.4–165	ND–122	0.1–105	ND–369
Q1	20	16	25	21	6.1	–	10	4.1	2.2	3.3
Q2	43	32	52	42	13	–	16	11	4.1	12
Q3	83	73	100	61	31	–	28	39	11	38
Penta CBs (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	122 (2.6)*	102 (2.7)	179 (2.3)	99 (2.5)	41 (3.1)*	31 (17.3)	54 (2.1)	34 (3.5)	17 (3.2)*	35 (3.9)
Range	18–853	18–559	64–853	24–427	1.8–232	4.1–232	10.4–215	1.8–188	0.6–313	0.6–853
Q1	70	44	82	45	20	–	36	10.5	8.7	12
Q2	134	130	181	113	53	–	54	48	15	33
Q3	228	195	278	185	85	–	84	84	33	105
Hexa CBs (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	275 (2.5)*	246 (2.8)	371 (2.3)	224 (2.4)	88 (3.5)*	78 (13.1)	116 (2.6)	72 (4.0)	32 (3.3)*	71 (4.3)
Range	55–1788	56–1788	116–1691	55–917	3.0–939	13–483	15–939	3.0–624	2.7–590	2.7–1788
Q1	146	116	182	123	41	–	83	32	14	21
Q2	266	265	316	242	103	–	119	85	26	73
Q3	502	469	670	390	237	–	215	231	69	238
Hepta CBs (ng/g lipid)
GM (GSD)	120 (2.5)*	113 (2.7)	147 (2.3)	102 (2.4)	33 (3.4)*	28 (10.4)	43 (2.6)	28 (3.9)	13 (3.3)*	29 (4.3)
Range	25–1065	32–1065	41–662	25–362	1.0–393	5.4–148	6.3–393	1.0–237	0.8–209	0.8–1065
Q1	60	55	72	67	17	–	30	12	6.3	8.3
Q2	112	107	148	120	36	–	43	26	10.5	31
Q3	221	187	266	175	76	–	71	97	27	93

In 1980 and 1995, diets were collected in Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa
In 2003, diets were collected in Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Shikoku, and Okinawa
^aThis group was excluded from statistical comparison due to small number participants
GM geometric mean, GSD geometric standard deviation, Q1 25th percentile, Q2 median, Q3 75th percentile
* In all congeners and total PCBs, there are significant differences in log-transformed daily intakes between three survey years [p < 0.05 by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test]. There were no significant differences among the three age groups within the same survey year (p > 0.05)

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