Relationship between dietary habits and urinary concentrations of 3-phenoxybonzoic acid in a middle-aged and elderly general population in Japan

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	Total study population (n = 535)	Men (n = 184)	Women (n = 351)	P for difference^a
Age (years)	61.5 ± 0.4^c	63.6 ± 0.7^c	60.4 ± 0.5^c	<0.01
Body mass index (BMI; kg/m²)	23.7 ± 0.1^c	23.8 ± 0.2^c	23.7 ± 0.2^c	0.66
Urinary creatinine (g/l)	0.74 (1.03)^d	1.03 (1.05)^d	0.63 (1.04)^d	<0.01
Urinary 3-PBA (µg/l)	0.31 (1.05)^d	0.34 (1.09)^d	0.29 (1.07)^d	0.11
Urinary 3-PBA ^b_c (µg/g creatinine)	0.41 (1.04)^d	0.33 (1.07)^d	0.46 (1.05)^d	<0.01
Smoking status (frequency, n)
Never	336	43	293	<0.01
Past	123	92	31
Current	76	49	27
Drinking status (frequency, n)
Never	331	61	270	<0.01
Past	19	12	7
Current	185	111	74

3-PBA, 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid; 3-PBA_c, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid corrected for creatinine concentration (µg/g creatinine)
^aComparison between men and women by t test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables
^bCorrected for creatinine concentration
^cValues indicated as mean ± SEM
^dValues indicated as geometric mean (geometric SEM)

ISSN: 1347-4715