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Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios for the recovery from risk factors in 6,477 male workers according to the baseline HPI and eight health practices (Japan, 1995–2004)

From: Long-term effects of lifestyle on multiple risk factors in male workers

 

Single risk factor

Multiple risk factors

Prevalence of recovery (%)

OR

95% CI

Prevalence of recovery (%)

OR

95% CI

Prevalence of recovery (%)

OR

95% CI

Prevalence of recovery (%)

OR

95% CI

Prevalence of recovery (%)

OR

95% CI

Number of risk factors in 1995

1

2

3

≥2

≥3 (severe)

Number of subjects

4,129

1,843

479

2,348

505

Number of subjects who recovered

962

686

242

945

259

Model 1: Logistic regression model to examine influence of overall lifestylea

 Good health practice (HPI score 6–8)

25.5

1.27

1.03, 1.57*

39.4

1.25

0.94, 1.67

47.2

0.83

0.48, 1.45

41.6

1.14

0.89, 1.47

43.9

0.79

0.46, 1.35

 Moderate health practice (HPI score 4–5)

23.2

1.08

0.92, 1.27

38.8

1.29

1.04, 1.60*

49.8

0.94

0.63, 1.41

42.3

1.21

1.00, 1.45*

48.2

0.97

0.67, 1.43

 Poor health practice (HPI score 0–3)

22.5

1.00

 

33.6

1.00

 

52.5

1.00

 

37.7

1.00

 

51.8

1.00

 

P for trend

0.01

0.02

0.66

0.06

0.64

Model 2: Logistic regression model to examine the influence of eight health practicesb

 Not smoking

22.7/23.7c

–

d

40.4/34.9

1.26

1.03, 1.53*

53.8/47.3

1.34

0.93, 1.94

43.7/37.5

1.27

1.07, 1.51**

54.0/48.6

1.28

0.90, 1.82

 Not drinking more than 46 g ethanol per day

23.4/21.4

–

 

37.2/37.5

–

 

49.9/61.5

0.51

0.22, 1.17

40.1/42.3

–

 

50.5/64.3

0.51

0.23, 1.14

 Eating breakfast every morning

23.3/23.4

–

 

37.5/36.4

–

 

49.2/54.9

–

 

40.2/40.4

–

 

49.9/55.6

–

 

 Sleeping 7–8 h per night

24.0/22.6

–

 

40.4/34.6

1.15

0.94, 1.41

46.6/53.8

0.74

0.52, 1.07

42.1/38.7

–

 

48.3/53.9

–

 

 Working 9 h or less per day

24.7/22.4

1.12

0.96, 1.30

41.4/34.7

1.25

1.02, 1.54*

50.3/50.7

–

 

43.7/38.2

1.25

1.05, 1.49*

52.4/50.6

–

 

 Exercising at least twice a week

20.1/23.9

0.78

0.63, 0.97*

37.9/37.1

–

 

52.9/50.1

–

 

41.2/40.1

–

 

52.7/51.0

–

 

 Eating a nutritionally balanced diet

25.4/22.1

1.24

1.07, 1.45**

38.0/36.8

–

 

47.2/52.2

–

 

40.1/40.3

–

 

48.2/52.8

–

 

 Keeping a moderate level of mental stress

25.1/21.5

1.19

1.03, 1.38*

36.9/37.5

–

 

52.1/49.2

–

 

40.0/40.5

–

 

52.0/50.7

–

 
  1. Models were adjusted for age, presence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Recovery means a decrease of at least one risk factor in the period between 1995 and 2004
  2. OR Odds ratio, CI confidential interval
  3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01
  4. aReference was poor health practice. A linear trend across categories was tested with the HPI score treated as a continuous variable
  5. bReference was poor health practice of each individual health practice
  6. cPrevalence of recovery in good health practice group/poor health practice group
  7. dThis variable was not chosen by the stepwise procedure with a P < 0.20 for inclusion
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

ISSN: 1347-4715

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