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Table 2 Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for different changes in ADL, by multinomial logistical regression, after adjustment for gender and age among the elderly in China during the period 2002–2005

From: Changes in activities of daily living (ADL) among elderly Chinese by marital status, living arrangement, and availability of healthcare over a 3-year period

Variable

FI at baseline (n = 8,857)

RI/FI

95% CI

RD/FI

95% CI

FD/FI

95% CI

Dead/FI

95% CI

  

Residence

  

 Urban

1.46

1.22–1.74***

1.47

1.06–2.04*

1.20

0.95–1.51

1.15

0.88–1.50

  

 Rural

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Education

  

 No formal education

0.73

0.56–0.94*

0.96

0.57–1.61

1.10

0.76–1.60

0.93

0.79–1.08

  

 1–4 education

0.82

0.63–1.08

1.03

0.59–1.78

0.94

0.62–1.42

0.97

0.83–1.15

  

 >5 years education

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Household income per capita per year

  

 ≤1,200

0.63

0.51–0.79***

0.59

0.40–0.88**

0.89

0.67–1.18

0.72

0.63–1.08

  

 1,201–3,000

0.74

0.60–0.92**

0.54

0.36–0.82**

0.70

0.52–0.94*

0.71

0.62–1.06

  

 >3,001

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Occupation

  

 Nonagricultural occupation

1.27

1.06–1.52**

1.18

0.85–1.65

1.13

0.89–1.42

1.22

0.91–1.53

  

 Agricultural occupation

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Marital status

  

 Married

0.79

0.64–0.99*

1.04

0.69–1.58

0.83

0.61–1.13

0.74

0.65–0.85***

  

 Single

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Living arrangement

  

 Living only with spouse

1.16

0.84–1.61

1.08

0.61–2.15

0.95

0.59–1.53

0.82

0.68–0.99*

  

 Living with othersa

1.26

0.98–1.63

1.14

0.72–1.82

1.29

0.93–1.81

1.05

0.90–1.21

  

 Living in a nursing home

0.91

0.52–1.61

1.81

0.76–3.73

1.26

0.93–1.81

1.97

1.51–2.57***

  

 Living alone

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Type of caregiver when elderly sporson is ill

  

 Spouse

0.83

0.39–1.57

0.93

0.27–3.18

0.78

0.29–2.02

0.89

0.44–1.82

  

 Children and other ralatives

0.75

0.39–1.43

0.68

0.24–1.97

0.47

0.21–1.06

1.49

0.96–2.31

  

 Live-in caregivers and others

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Availability of adequate medical service when ill

  

 No

0.81

0.60–1.13

1.21

0.74–2.00

1.08

0.77–1.57

1.20

1.01–1.42*

  

 Yes

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Having health insurance

  

 Yes

1.49

1.13–1.88**

1.52

0.93–2.36

1.36

0.68–2.32

1.43

1.22–1.66***

  

 No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

Variable

RI at baseline (n = 1,834)

RD and FD at baseline (n = 1,230)

FI/RI

95% CI

RD + FD/RI

95% CI

Dead/RI

95% CI

FI + RI/RD + FD

95% CI

Dead/RD + FD

95% CI

Residence

 Urban

0.48

0.36–0.65***

1.04

0.74–1.46

0.74

0.57–0.96*

0.49

0.33–0.75***

0.85

0.62–1.17

 Rural

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Education

 No formal education

0.78

0.47–1.30

0.42

0.25–0.73**

0.61

0.38–1.23

4.64

2.21–9.75***

2.34

1.43–3.81***

 1–4 education

0.71

0.41–1.25

0.37

0.20–0.68**

0.55

0.33–1.13

3.57

1.56–8.17**

1.77

0.99–3.16

 >5 years education

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Household income per capita per year

 ≤1,200

1.74

1.21–2.51**

0.72

0.48–1.08

0.93

0.68–1.27

1.99

1.19–3.32**

0.83

0.56–1.24

 1,201–3,000

1.67

1.13–2.45**

0.82

0.54–1.25

1.27

0.92–1.76

1.41

0.81–2.45

0.95

0.63–1.43

 >3,001

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Occupation

 Nonagricultural occupation

0.96

0.70–1.32

1.28

0.90–1.82

1.17

0.89–1.54

0.77

0.50–1.18

0.85

0.61–1.18

 Agricultural occupation

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Marital status

 Married

1.25

0.83–1.91

0.76

0.46–1.28

0.70

0.47–1.05

0.56

0.29–1.06

0.43

0.26–0.71***

 Single

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Living arrangement

 Living only with spouse

0.87

0.48–1.23

1.13

0.49–2.61

0.73

0.39–1.36

0.49

0.17–1.46

0.42

0.18–0.98*

 Living with othersa

0.73

0.48–1.69

1.51

0.81–2.73

1.09

0.71–1.67

0.91

0.41–2.01

0.83

0.44–1.54

 Living in a nursing home

0.50

0.21–1.20

1.46

0.57–3.75

1.27

0.63–2.59

0.66

0.20–2.15

0.84

0.34–2.05

 Living alone

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Type of caregiver when elderly sporson is ill

 Spouse

2.36

0.99–5.64

0.62

0.24–1.57

0.69

0.34–1.41

2.15

0.80–5.78

0.44

0.34–0.57***

 Children and other ralatives

1.8

0.88–3.70

0.81

0.42–1.55

0.71

0.42–1.18

3.33

1.62–6.88***

0.50

0.39–0.62***

 Live-in caregivers and others

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Availability of adequate medical service when ill

 No

2.13

1.26–3.59**

1.20

0.64–2.24

1.54

0.95–2.51

1.65

1.01–2.72*

0.86

0.56–1.31

 Yes

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Having health insurance

 Yes

0.55

0.34–0.95*

1.59

0.98–2.64

0.99

0.65–1.53

0.28

0.13–0.57***

0.39

0.24–0.63***

 No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 
  1. FI Fully independence, RI relative independence, RD relative dependence, FD fully dependence
  2. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001
  3. a“Living with others” was defined by a household size ≥3 individuals, and “others” was defined as a spouse, children, grandchildren, or other relatives
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

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