Table 2 Values of biomechanical variables before and after intervention in first grade students
First grade students | p valuea | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention group 1 | Control group | Group | Gender | Time | Side | |||||||||||
Male (n = 6) | Female (n = 7) | Male (n = 6) | Female (n = 4) | |||||||||||||
Pre-measurement | Post 1-measurement | Post 2-measurement | Pre-measurement | Post 1-measurement | Post 2-measurement | Pre-measurement | Post 1-measurement | Post 2-measurement | Pre-measurement | Post 1-measurement | Post 2-measurement | |||||
Angle of joint (degrees) | ||||||||||||||||
Right hip flexion angle | 43.5 ± 19.7 | 40.5 ± 13.6 | 44.3 ± 14.7 | 24.1 ± 12.1 | 35.7 ± 14.6 | 47.3 ± 12.0 | 29.1 ± 9.2 | 35.9 ± 11.4 | 37.6 ± 9.1 | 26.4 ± 13.4 | 28.5 ± 14.4 | 28.2 ± 19.8 | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.020 | 0.567 |
Left hip flexion angle | 44.2 ± 22.1 | 39.1 ± 12.2 | 47.4 ± 16.7 | 32.0 ± 10.6 | 38.2 ± 12.8 | 49.4 ± 7.8 | 25.5 ± 11.9 | 38.9 ± 9.0 | 40.9 ± 12.1 | 35.5 ± 14.7 | 50.5 ± 15.5 | 28.5 ± 11.0 | ||||
Right knee flexion angle | 52.5 ± 12.7 | 58.6 ± 16.4 | 62.9 ± 12.1 | 19.0 ± 15.7 | 56.9 ± 14.7 | 50.1 ± 12.8 | 33.9 ± 24.3 | 42.1 ± 20.7 | 41.4 ± 19.0 | 24.6 ± 19.6 | 27.5 ± 31.3 | 24.5 ± 20.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.402 |
Left knee flexion angle | 54.0 ± 12.3 | 57.6 ± 17.6 | 64.0 ± 13.1 | 28.6 ± 13.6 | 49.6 ± 16.2 | 58.5 ± 15.1 | 35.5 ± 23.3 | 41.8 ± 18.3 | 49.0 ± 19.0 | 33.6 ± 18.3 | 19.0 ± 20.1 | 28.8 ± 17.3 | ||||
Trunk flexion angle | 44.4 ± 7.4 | 36.8 ± 8.8 | 38.8 ± 5.8 | 46.9 ± 17.0 | 37.6 ± 18.4 | 36.1 ± 6.6 | 43.7 ± 6.6 | 38.6 ± 4.7 | 43.4 ± 10.0 | 46.5 ± 6.9 | 38.8 ± 5.8 | 44.6 ± 6.1 | 0.155 | 0.656 | 0.116 | – |
Surface myography (%MVC) | ||||||||||||||||
Right biceps brachii | 63.0 ± 31.6 | 57.2 ± 26.3 | 58.2 ± 27.6 | 52.7 ± 42.7 | 52.7 ± 34.1 | 50.5 ± 21.1 | 61.2 ± 33.3 | 78.9 ± 55.3 | 62.1 ± 9.0 | 39.4 ± 18.8 | 65.3 ± 41.2 | 76.8 ± 44.5 | 0.034 | 0.652 | 0.368 | 0.714 |
Left biceps brachii | 37.4 ± 21.9 | 47.7 ± 24.7 | 83.9 ± 56.7 | 25.2 ± 15.5 | 54.9 ± 27.2 | 44.5 ± 24.9 | 63.3 ± 41.1 | 59.8 ± 41.0 | 53.1 ± 26.7 | 37.5 ± 26.5 | 110.2 ± 86.3 | 82.0 ± 36.5 | ||||
Right trapezius | 61.1 ± 31.2 | 57.1 ± 40.1 | 82.6 ± 67.7 | 86.1 ± 86.7 | 103.9 ± 66.1 | 91.9 ± 36.8 | 67.2 ± 54.6 | 83.0 ± 57.2 | 64.0 ± 41.2 | 133.9 ± 75.6 | 108.1 ± 51.8 | 141.8 ± 67.9 | 0.645 | <0.001 | 0.917 | 0.015 |
Left trapezius | 30.1 ± 20.6 | 43.1 ± 34.9 | 43.7 ± 9.1 | 80.9 ± 71.8 | 77.7 ± 34.0 | 95.7 ± 58.5 | 47.1 ± 27.1 | 38.9 ± 21.1 | 41.3 ± 26.4 | 31.3 ± 22.0 | 62.0 ± 50.0 | 83.7 ± 46.3 | ||||
Right rectus femoris | 15.0 ± 5.4 | 17.7 ± 10.3 | 17.0 ± 9.0 | 16.3 ± 7.8 | 34.6 ± 13.6 | 20.0 ± 4.8 | 15.5 ± 6.6 | 18.3 ± 10.9 | 14.8 ± 10.4 | 23.8 ± 0.9 | 30.7 ± 13.0 | 20.0 ± 6.7 | 0.085 | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.077 |
Left rectus femoris | 13.6 ± 3.2 | 14.1 ± 10.2 | 11.5 ± 4.5 | 22.6 ± 13.7 | 34.9 ± 14.1 | 28.7 ± 16.0 | 16.2 ± 11.1 | 23.4 ± 10.2 | 20.8 ± 14.8 | 25.8 ± 8.9 | 34.2 ± 8.0 | 40.5 ± 21.2 | ||||
Right erector spinae | 44.6 ± 15.5 | 52.9 ± 24.9 | 54.7 ± 18.4 | 45.6 ± 13.6 | 65.3 ± 34.6 | 46.8 ± 18.9 | 50.8 ± 24.7 | 51.8 ± 17.8 | 54.1 ± 20.0 | 64.3 ± 24.9 | 92.0 ± 68.4 | 83.8 ± 38.4 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.131 | 0.839 |
Left erector spinae | 40.7 ± 11.1 | 56.7 ± 16.3 | 62.7 ± 19.1 | 51.7 ± 12.3 | 64.6 ± 32.0 | 56.5 ± 16.5 | 43.0 ± 18.5 | 53.3 ± 14.7 | 57.0 ± 18.9 | 67.3 ± 19.8 | 81.5 ± 23.5 | 90.7 ± 6.5 | ||||
Transfer time (ms) | 1958 ± 359 | 2106 ± 505 | 1867 ± 663 | 1846 ± 318 | 1553 ± 360 | 1404 ± 238 | 1542 ± 143 | 1459 ± 272 | 1392 ± 191 | 1890 ± 825 | 1424 ± 305 | 1237 ± 239 | <0.001 | 0.018 | 0.001 | – |