Table 5 Bacterial contamination in ready-to-drink water stored in containers by boat households; associations of source, handling practices, and disease-prevention proficiency adjusted by socioeconomic characteristics
From: Bacterial quality of drinking water stored in containers by boat households in Hue City, Vietnam
E. coli >0 counts/ml | Total coliforms >10 counts/ml | Enterobacteriaceae >10 counts/ml | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | |
Source of water in containers | ||||||
Tap | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
River | 3.26 | 1.58–6.69** | 3.70 | 1.62–8.44** | 3.44 | 1.45–8.15** |
Others | 0.94 | 0.25–3.47 | 1.36 | 0.46–3.98 | 1.38 | 0.46–4.09 |
Water-handling practices | ||||||
Boiling | ||||||
Boiled before poring | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Not boiled before poring | 1.56 | 1.06–2.32* | 1.49 | 1.05–2.11* | 1.73 | 1.22–2.45* |
Hours after boiling (h) | ||||||
<1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
1–12 | 1.43 | 0.51–3.95 | 2.04 | 0.86–4.83 | 1.86 | 0.82–4.18 |
>12 | 1.99 | 0.67–5.94 | 2.62 | 1.03–6.67* | 2.13 | 0.88–5.17 |
Size of containers (l) | ||||||
≤10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
>10 | 1.20 | 0.75–1.92 | 1.59 | 1.06–2.38* | 1.40 | 0.95–2.08 |
Material of containers | ||||||
Metal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Plastic | 1.10 | 0.55–2.19 | 1.35 | 0.74–2.45 | 1.24 | 0.69–2.23 |
Disease-prevention proficiency | ||||||
Functional | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Minimally functional | 1.93 | 1.04–3.56* | 1.82 | 1.13–2.91* | 1.59 | 1.02–2.45* |
Non-functional | 3.30 | 1.77–6.24** | 3.51 | 2.12–5.82** | 2.68 | 1.65–4.35** |