Bacterial quality of drinking water stored in containers by boat households in Hue City, Vietnam

Table 3 Bacterial contamination in ready-to-drink water stored in containers by boat households; associations of source and handling practices, and disease-prevention proficiency

	Disease-prevention proficiency	n	E. coli >0 count/ml (%)	Total coliforms >10 counts/ml (%)	Enterobacteriaceae >10 counts/ml (%)
Source of water in containers
Tap on land	Functional	144	12.5**	27.1**	36.1**
	Minimally functional	311	22.2	39.2	47.6
	Non-functional	220	33.2	55.9	60.5
River	Functional	3	33.3	66.7	66.7
	Minimally functional	20	50.0	75.0	75.0
	Non-functional	4	62.5	79.2	83.3
Others	Functional	2	0.0	0.0	50.0
	Minimally functional	12	33.0	6.7	66.7
	Non-functional	2	0.0	50.0	50.0
Water-handling practices
Boiling
Boiled before pouring	Functional	101	7.6**	23.7**	29.7**
	Minimally functional	156	23.9	38.3	46.4
	Non-functional	59	31.0	50.9	53.4
Not boiled before pouring	Functional	48	33.3	43.3	66.7
	Minimally functional	187	25.9	50.0	56.3
	Non-functional	185	40.3	65.3	71.0
Hours after boiling
<1	Functional	10	10.0	20.0	40.0
	Minimally functional	17	17.6	17.7	29.4
	Non-functional	5	20.0	60.0	40.0
1–12	Functional	57	5.3**	21.1**	26.3**
	Minimally functional	147	26.5	40.8	49.7
	Non-functional	71	32.4	51.7	53.5
>12	Functional	42	11.9	31.0	35.7
	Minimally functional	48	22.9	43.8	47.9
	Non-functional	16	56.3	68.8	75.0
Size of containers (l)
≤10	Functional	36	13.9	22.2	38.9
	Minimally functional	72	19.4	36.1	47.2
	Non-functional	65	29.2	46.6	46.2
>10	Functional	111	12.6**	29.7**	36.9**
	Minimally functional	267	25.1	43.8	50.2
	Non-functional	174	38.5	63.8	68.4
Material of containers
Metal	Functional	13	13.3	26.7	40.0
	Minimally functional	24	26.4	32.1	50.0
	Non-functional	19	30.0	50.0	60.0
Plastic	Functional	130	13.1**	26.9**	36.2**
	Minimally functional	303	23.3	42.2	43.8
	Non-functional	214	37.4	59.3	63.1

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