Table 2 Bacterial contamination of ready-to-drink water stored in containers by boat households; associations of socioeconomic characteristics, source, water-handling practices, and disease-prevention proficiency
From: Bacterial quality of drinking water stored in containers by boat households in Hue City, Vietnam
n | E. coli >0 count/ml (%) | Total coliforms >10 counts/ml (%) | Enterobacteriaceae >10 counts/ml (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
Monthly income per capita | ||||
Non-poor | 507 | 26.8 | 46.0 | 53.3 |
Poor | 232 | 23.3 | 41.4 | 47.8 |
Literacy level of head of household | ||||
Literate | 339 | 21.7* | 40.7* | 48.1* |
Illiterate | 376 | 28.7 | 47.9 | 54.5 |
Occupation of household | ||||
Not require boat | 172 | 19.2* | 48.4* | 44.8* |
Require boat | 442 | 27.1 | 36.0 | 54.3 |
Number of family members on boat | ||||
1–4 | 294 | 21.1* | 39.1* | 46.9* |
>4 | 445 | 28.8 | 48.1 | 54.6 |
Source of water in containers | ||||
Tap on land | 676 | 23.7** | 42.0** | 49.4** |
River | 47 | 55.3 | 76.6 | 78.7 |
Others | 16 | 25.0 | 56.3 | 62.5 |
Water-handling practices | ||||
Boiling | ||||
Boiled before pouring | 316 | 19.3** | 37.0** | 43.3** |
Not boiled before pouring | 421 | 30.2 | 49.9 | 57.5 |
Hours after boiling | ||||
<1 | 32 | 15.6 | 25.0 | 34.4 |
1–12 | 275 | 23.6 | 39.3 | 45.8 |
>12 | 106 | 23.6 | 42.5 | 47.2 |
Size of containers (l) | ||||
≤10 | 173 | 22.0 | 36.4* | 45.1 |
>10 | 553 | 26.8 | 47.2 | 53.3 |
Material of containers | ||||
Metal | 63 | 22.2 | 38.1 | 50.8 |
Plastic | 648 | 26.1 | 44.8 | 51.1 |
Disease-prevention proficiency | ||||
Functional | 149 | 12.8** | 27.5** | 36.9** |
Minimally functional | 343 | 24.2 | 42.3 | 49.9 |
Non-functional | 246 | 35.8 | 58.1 | 62.5 |