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Table 4 Comparisons of serum total homocysteine level among different subgroups in diabetic subjects according to analysis of covariance

From: Factors associated with serum total homocysteine level in type 2 diabetes

 

Males (n = 196)

Females (n = 84)

n

Mean ± SE (μmol/l)

Least squares means ± SE (μmol/l)

p valued

p valuee

n

Mean ± SE (μmol/l)

Least squares means ± SE (μmol/l)

p valued

p valuee

Treatment

 Diet and exercise

60

11.22 ± 3.26

11.57 ± 0.98 b

0.146

0.622

23

9.69 ± 2.59

9.84 ± 0.61 b

0.700

0.862

 Oral agents

109

12.21 ± 3.76

12.17 ± 0.69 b

–

47

9.71 ± 2.26

9.97 ± 0.36 b

–

 Insulin treatment

27

14.90 ± 17.30

14.14 ± 1.41 b

0.209

14

11.40 ± 9.53

10.26 ± 0.75 b

0.730

  p for trenda

 

0.039

0.178

   

0.316

0.710

  

Complication

 Neuropathy (−)

119

12.38 ± 9.05

12.74 ± 0.66 b

  

61

9.50 ± 2.49

9.84 ± 0.32 b

  

 Neuropathy (+)

77

12.15 ± 3.47

11.54 ± 0.82 b

  

23

11.27 ± 7.30

10.37 ± 0.52 b

  

  p for trenda

 

0.835

0.261

   

0.101

0.397

  

 Retinopathy (−)

151

11.99 ± 8.09

12.41 ± 0.59 b

  

67

9.88 ± 4.63

9.74 ± 0.30 b

  

 Retinopathy (+)

45

13.28 ± 3.99

11.76 ± 1.13 b

  

17

10.39 ± 3.35

10.92 ± 0.59 b

  

  p for trenda

 

0.307

0.623

   

0.671

0.080

  

 Nephropathy (−)

175

11.53 ± 3.26

11.58 ± 0.53 c

  

78

9.49 ± 2.62

9.46 ± 0.46 c

  

 Nephropathy(+)

21

18.59 ± 19.75

18.08 ± 1.55 c

  

6

16.45 ± 12.66

16.47 ± 1.64 c

  

  p for trenda

 

<0.001

<0.001

   

<0.001

<0.001

  
  1. a p for trend by multiple regression analysis
  2. bAdjustment variables; age, HbA1c and Cre
  3. cAdjustment variables; age and HbA1c
  4. d p value for difference is compared between “Diet and exercise” and “Insulin treatment”
  5. e p value for difference is compared with “Oral agents”(reference group)
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

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