Table 1 Basic characteristic data for all subjects

Homocysteine (μmol/l)^a

12.28 ± 7.23

10.75 ± 3.39

9.99 ± 4.39

8.41 ± 2.40

Age^a

60.76 ± 10.37

56.14 ± 13.12

64.73 ± 10.57

56.38 ± 13.40

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)^a

173.58 ± 82.29

90.13 ± 8.91

172.88 ± 85.63

87.10 ± 8.62

HbA1c (%)^a

7.72 ± 1.50

5.10 ± 0.35

7.90 ± 1.86

5.13 ± 0.36

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)^a

211.29 ± 35.78

210.13 ± 42.70

230.38 ± 35.99

219.79 ± 42.46

Triglyceride (mg/dl)^a

156.12 ± 105.13

135.18 ± 98.40

160.04 ± 111.59

91.99 ± 59.20

Serum creatinine (mg/dl)^a

0.88 ± 0.27

0.86 ± 0.15

0.71 ± 0.68

0.65 ± 0.12

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)^a

70.38 ± 17.10

70.47 ± 14.34

73.73 ± 22.11

71.95 ± 14.55

Body mass index (kg/ m²)^a

23.81 ± 4.00

23.51 ± 2.92

23.42 ± 4.79

21.72 ± 3.31

Blood pressure (%)

  N

20.41 (n = 40)

46.83 (n = 183)

13.10 (n = 11)

62.22 (n = 376)

  B

18.88 (n = 37)

11.64 (n = 46)

17.86 (n = 15)

9.74 (n = 59)

  H

60.71 (n = 119)

41.53 (n = 162)

69.05 (n = 58)

28.03 (n = 170)

Current smoking habits (%)

 (−)

68.37 (n = 134)

81.03 (n = 317)

86.90 (n = 73)

90.89 (n = 550)

 (+)

31.63 (n = 62)

18.97 (n = 74)

13.10 (n = 11)

9.11 (n = 55)

Routine drinking habits (%)

 (−)

35.20 (n = 69)

26.92 (n = 105)

75.00 (n = 63)

57.95 (n = 351)

 (+)

64.80 (n = 127)

73.08 (n = 286)

25.00 (n = 21)

42.05 (n = 254)

No history of vascular event (%)

80.10 (n = 157)

89.26 (n = 349)

76.19 (n = 64)

92.56 (n = 560)

History of only MI (%)

12.76 (n = 25)

7.67 (n = 30)

16.67 (n = 14)

5.29 (n = 32)

History of only CI (%)

4.08 (n = 8)

1.79 (n = 7)

7.14 (n = 6)

1.49 (n = 9)

History of MI and CI (%)

3.06 (n = 6)

1.28 (n = 5)

0.00 (n = 0)

0.66 (n = 4)